Carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues as capsaicin receptor modulators

ABSTRACT

Acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues are provided. Such compounds are ligands that may be used to modulate specific receptor activity in vivo or in vitro, and are particularly useful in the treatment of conditions associated with pathological receptor activation in humans, domesticated companion animals and livestock animals. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for using them to treat such disorders are provided, as are methods for using such ligands for receptor localization studies.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/433,139, filed Dec. 13, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues that are modulators of capsaicin receptors, and to the use of such compounds for treating conditions related to capsaicin receptor activation. The invention further relates to the use such compounds as probes for the detection and localization of capsaicin receptors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pain perception, or nociception, is mediated by the peripheral terminals of a group of specialized sensory neurons, termed “nociceptors.” A wide variety of physical and chemical stimuli induce activation of such neurons in mammals, leading to recognition of a potentially harmful stimulus. Inappropriate or excessive activation of nociceptors, however, can result in debilitating acute or chronic pain.

Neuropathic pain involves pain signal transmission in the absence of stimulus, and typically results from damage to the nervous system. In most instances, such pain is thought to occur because of sensitization in the peripheral and central nervous systems following initial damage to the peripheral system (e.g., via direct injury or systemic disease). Neuropathic pain is typically burning, shooting and unrelenting in its intensity and can sometimes be more debilitating that the initial injury or disease process that induced it.

Existing treatments for neuropathic pain are largely ineffective. Opiates, such as morphine, are potent analgesics, but their usefulness is limited because of adverse side effects, such as physical addictiveness and withdrawal properties, as well as respiratory depression, mood changes, and decreased intestinal motility with concomitant constipation, nausea, vomiting, and alterations in the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, neuropathic pain is frequently non-responsive or only partially responsive to conventional opioid analgesic regimens. Treatments employing the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine or the alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist clonidine can reduce acute or chronic pain, and permit a reduction in opioid consumption, but these agents are often poorly tolerated due to side effects.

Topical treatment with capsaicin has been used to treat chronic and acute pain, including neuropathic pain. Capsaicin is a pungent substance derived from the plants of the Solanaceae family (which includes hot chili peppers) and appears to act selectively on the small diameter afferent nerve fibers (A-delta and C fibers) that are believed to mediate pain. The response to capsaicin is characterized by persistent activation of nociceptors in peripheral tissues, followed by eventual desensitization of peripheral nociceptors to one or more stimuli. From studies in animals, capsaicin appears to trigger C fiber membrane depolarization by opening cation selective channels for calcium and sodium.

Similar responses are also evoked by structural analogues of capsaicin that share a common vanilloid moiety. One such analogue is resiniferatoxin (RTX), a natural product of Euphiorbia plants. The term vanilloid receptor (VR) was coined to describe the neuronal membrane recognition site for capsaicin and such related irritant compounds. The capsaicin response is competitively inhibited (and thereby antagonized) by another capsaicin analog, capsazepine, and is also inhibited by the non-selective cation channel blocker ruthenium red. These antagonists bind to VR with no more than moderate affinity (typically with K_(i) values of no lower than 140 μM).

Rat and human vanilloid receptors have been cloned from dorsal root ganglion cells. The first type of vanilloid receptor to be identified is known as vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR1), and the terms “VR1” and “capsaicin receptor” are used interchangeably herein to refer to rat and/or human receptors of this type, as well as mammalian homologs. The role of VR1 in pain sensation has been confirmed using mice lacking this receptor, which exhibit no vanilloid-evoked pain behavior, and impaired responses to heat and inflammation. VR1 is a nonselective cation channel with a threshold for opening that is lowered in response to elevated temperatures, low pH, and capsaicin receptor agonists. For example, the channel usually opens at temperatures higher than about 45° C. Opening of the capsaicin receptor channel is generally followed by the release of inflammatory peptides from neurons expressing the receptor and other nearby neurons, increasing the pain response. After initial activation by capsaicin, the capsaicin receptor undergoes a rapid desensitization via phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Because of their ability to thus desensitize nociceptors in peripheral tissues, VR1 agonist vanilloid compounds have been used as topical anesthetics. However, agonist application may itself cause burning pain, which limits this therapeutic use.

Recently, it has been reported that VR1 antagonists, including nonvanilloid compounds, are also useful for the treatment of pain (see, PCT application Number WO 02/08221, which published Jan. 31, 2002).

Thus, compounds that interact with VR1, but do not elicit the initial painful sensation of VR1 agonist vanilloid compounds, are desirable for the treatment of chronic and acute pain, including neuropathic pain. Antagonists of this receptor are particularly desirable for the treatment of pain, as well as conditions such as tear gas exposure, itch and urinary incontinence. The present invention fulfills this need, and provides further related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides capsaicin receptor modulators that alter, preferably inhibit, capsaicin receptor activity and/or activation. Within certain aspects, modulators provided herein are characterized by the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. Modulators provided herein generally comprise at least one carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate functional group (e.g. at least one substituent of Ar₂, U or X is a carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate functional group). Within Formula I:

-   V, X, W, Y and Z are each independently N or CR₁, with the proviso     that at least one of V and X is N; -   U is N or CR₂, with the proviso that if V and X are N, then U is     CR₂; -   R₁ is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen,     halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, —COOH, optionally substituted alkyl     or more preferably C₁-C₆alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl or     more preferably haloC₁-C₆alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy or     more preferably C₁-C₆alkoxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl     or more preferably C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted     haloalkoxy or more preferably haloC₁-C₆alkoxy and optionally     substituted mono- and di-alkylamino or more preferably mono- and     di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; -   R₂ is:     -   (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; or     -   (ii) a group of the formula —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), wherein:         -   R_(c) is bond, optionally substituted alkylene or more             preferably C₀-C₃alkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene             or more preferably C₂-C₃alkenylene or optionally substituted             alkynylene or more preferably C₂-C₃alkynylene, or is joined             to R_(y) or R_(z) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or             heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 2             substituents independently selected from R_(b);         -   M is a bond, O, S, SO, SO₂, C(═O), OC(═O), C(=O)O, O—C(═O)O,             C(═O)N(R_(z)), N(R_(z))C(═O), N(R_(z))SO₂, SO₂N(R_(z)),             N(R_(z)), OPO₂(OR_(z)) or PO₂(OR_(z));         -   A is a bond or C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3             substituents independently selected from R_(b); and         -   R_(y) and R_(z), if present, are:             -   (a) independently:                 -   (i) hydrogen or —COOH; or                 -   (ii) optionally substituted alkyl or more preferably                     C₁-C₈alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or more                     preferably C₂-C₈alkenyl, optionally substituted                     allynyl or more preferably C₂-C₈alkynyl, optionally                     substituted alkanone or more preferably                     C₂-C₈alkanone, optionally substituted alkyl ether or                     more preferably C₂-C₈alkyl ether, a 4- to                     10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle, or joined to                     R_(c) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or                     heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from                     0 to 6 substituents independently chosen from R_(b);                     or             -   (b) joined to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or                 heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 6                 substituents independently selected from R_(b); -   Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from optionally substituted     carbocycles and heterocycles or more preferably 5- to 10-membered     carbocycles and heterocycles, each of which is substituted with from     0 to 3 substituents independently selected from groups of the     formula LR_(a); -   L is independently selected at each occurrence from a bond, O,     S(O)_(m), C(═O), OC(═O), C(═O)O, O—C(═O)O, N(R_(x)), C(═O)N(R_(x)),     N(R_(x))C(═O), N(R_(x))S(O)_(m), S(O)_(m)N(R_(x)) and     N[S(O)_(m)R_(x)]S(O)_(m); wherein m is independently selected at     each occurrence from 0, 1 and 2; and R_(x) is independently selected     at each occurrence from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl or     more preferably C₁-C₈alkyl; -   R_(a) is independently selected at each occurrence from:     -   (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano and nitro; and     -   (ii) optionally substituted alkyl or more preferably C₁-C₈alkyl,         optionally substituted alkenyl or more preferably C₂-C₈alkenyl,         optionally substituted alkynyl or more preferably C₂-C₈alkynyl,         optionally substituted alkyl ether or more preferably C₂-C₈alkyl         ether, optionally substituted mono- and di-alkylamino or more         preferably mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino and optionally         substituted heterocycle or heterocycle-alkyl or more preferably         (3- to 10-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₆alkyl, each of which is         substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently selected         from R_(b); and -   R_(b) is independently chosen at each occurrence from:     -   (i) hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminocarbonyl, cyano, nitro, oxo         and —COOH; and     -   (ii) optionally substituted alkyl or more preferably C₁-C₈alkyl,         optionally substituted alkenyl or more preferably C₂-C₈alkenyl,         optionally substituted alkynyl or more preferably C₂-C₈alkynyl,         optionally substituted alkoxy or more preferably C₁-C₈alkoxy,         optionally substituted alkanoyl or more preferably         C₁-C₈alkanoyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl or more         preferably C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted         alkanoyloxy or more preferably C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, optionally         substituted alkylthio or more preferably C₁-C₈alkylthio,         optionally substituted alkyl ether or more preferably C₂-C₈alkyl         ether, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted         phenyl-alkyl or more preferably phenylC₀-C₈alkyl, optionally         substituted phenoxy or optionally substituted phenyl-alkoxy or         more preferably phenylC₁-C₈alkoxy, optionally substituted mono-         and di-alkylamino or more preferably mono- and         di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, optionally substituted alkylsulfonate or         more preferably (SO₂)C₁-C₈alkyl, optionally substituted         heterocycle or optionally substituted heterocycle-alkyl or more         preferably (4- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl, optionally         substituted phosphonate or more preferably —PO₃(R_(w))₂ and         optionally substituted phosphate or more preferably         —OPO₃(R_(w))₂, wherein each R_(w) is independently chosen from         hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl or more preferably         C₁-C₈alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally         substituted phenyl-alkyl or more preferably phenylC₀-C₈alkyl and         optionally substituted heteroalkyl or optionally substituted         heteroalkyl-alkyl or more preferably (5- to 7-membered         heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl;     -   wherein each of (ii) is substituted with from 0 to 3         substituents independently chosen from hydroxy, halogen, amino,         aminocarbonyl, cyano, nitro, oxo, —COOH, optionally substituted         alkyl or more preferably C₁-C₈alkyl, optionally substituted or         more preferably C₁-C₈alkoxy, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl or more preferably C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl,         optionally substituted alkanoyloxy or more preferably         C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, optionally substituted alkylthio or more         preferably C₁-C₈alkylthio, optionally substituted alkyl ether or         more preferably C₁-C₈alkyl ether, optionally substituted         hydroxyalkyl or more preferably hydroxyC₁-C₈alkyl, optionally         substituted haloalkyl or more preferably haloC₁-C₈alkyl,         optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted         phenyl-alkyl or more preferably phenylC₀-C₈alkyl, optionally         substituted mono- and di-alkylamino or more preferably mono- and         di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, optionally substituted alkylsulfonate or         more preferably (SO₂)C₁-C₈alkyl and optionally substituted         heterocycle or optionally substituted heterocycle-alkyl or more         preferably (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl;         wherein the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable         form thereof comprises at least one carboxylic acid, phosphate         or phosphonate group.

Within certain aspects, compounds as described herein exhibit a K_(i) of no greater than 1 micromolar, 500 nanomolar, 100 nanomolar, 50 nanomolar or 10 nanomolar in a capsaicin receptor binding assay and/or have an IC₅₀ value of no greater than 1 micromolar, 500 nanomolar, 100 nanomolar, 50 nanomolar or 10 nanomolar in a capsaicin receptor calcium mobilization assay.

In certain embodiments, compounds as described herein exhibit no detectable agonist activity in an in vitro assay of capsaicin receptor activation.

Within certain aspects, compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof as described herein are labeled with a detectable marker (e.g., radiolabeled or fluorescein conjugated).

The present invention further provides, within other aspects, pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.

Within further aspects, methods are provided for reducing calcium conductance of a cellular capsaicin receptor, comprising contacting a cell (e.g., neuronal) expressing a capsaicin receptor with a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein. Such contact may occur in vivo or in vitro.

Methods are further provided for inhibiting binding of vanilloid ligand to a capsaicin receptor. Within certain such aspects, the inhibition takes place in vitro. Such methods comprise contacting a capsaicin receptor with at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein, under conditions and in an amount sufficient to detectably inhibit vanilloid ligand binding to the capsaicin receptor. Within other such aspects, the capsaicin receptor is in a patient. Such methods comprise contacting cells expressing a capsaicin receptor in a patient with at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein in an amount sufficient to detectably inhibit vanilloid ligand binding to cells expressing a cloned capsaicin receptor in vitro, and thereby inhibiting binding of vanilloid ligand to the capsaicin receptor in the patient.

The present invention further provides methods for treating a condition responsive to capsaicin receptor modulation in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein.

Within other aspects, methods are provided for treating pain in a patient, comprising administering to a patient suffering from pain a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein.

Methods are further provided for treating itch, urinary incontinence, cough and/or hiccup in a patient, comprising administering to a patient suffering from one or more of the foregoing conditions a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein.

The present invention further provides methods for promoting weight loss in an obese patient, comprising administering to an obese patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof as described herein.

Within further aspects, the present invention provides methods for determining the presence or absence of capsaicin receptor in a sample, comprising: (a) contacting a sample with a compound as described herein under conditions that permit binding of the compound to capsaicin receptor; and (b) detecting a level of the compound bound to capsaicin receptor.

The present invention also provides packaged pharmaceutical preparations, comprising: (a) a pharmaceutical composition as described herein in a container; and (b) instructions for using the composition to treat one or more conditions responsive to capsaicin receptor modulation, such as pain, itch, urinary incontinence, cough, hiccup, and/or obesity.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides methods of preparing the compounds disclosed herein, including the intermediates.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As noted above, the present invention provides capsaicin receptor modulators comprising acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues. Such modulators may be used in vitro or in vivo, to modulate capsaicin receptor activity in a variety of contexts.

Terminology

Compounds are generally described herein using standard nomenclature. For compounds having asymmetric centers, it should be understood that (unless otherwise specified) all of the optical isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed. In addition, compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds may occur in Z- and E-forms, with all isomeric forms of the compounds being included in the present invention unless otherwise specified. Where a compound exists in various tautomeric forms, a recited compound is not limited to any one specific tautomer, but rather is intended to encompass all tautomeric forms. Certain compounds are described herein using a general formula that includes variables (e.g., R₂, Ar₁, Y, Z). Unless otherwise specified, each variable within such a formula is defined independently of any other variable, and any variable that occurs more than one time in a formula is defined independently at each occurrence.

The term “acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogue,” as used herein, encompasses all compounds of Formula I as defined above, including any enantiomers, racemates and stereoisomers, as well as all pharmaceutically acceptable forms of such compounds. Acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues include compounds in which the bicyclic core (which comprises V, X, W, Y and Z) is modified in the number and/or placement of ring nitrogen atoms, as well as analogues in which varied substituents, as described in more detail below, are attached to such a core structure. In other words, compounds that are substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-ylamines, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamines, isoquinolin-1-ylamines and phthalazin-1-ylamines are within the scope of acid-substituted quinazolin-4ylamine analogues.

The phrase “comprises a carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group” is used herein to indicate that a compound comprises one or more of the following moieties:

where R_(z) is as described herein. In other words, “phosphate” encompasses phosphoric acids and esters thereof, and “phosphonate” encompasses phosphonic acids and esters thereof. Unless otherwise specified, such a group may be at any location in the compound. In certain embodiments, either or both of Ar₂ and U comprise such a group. In other embodiments, X comprises such a group.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable forms” of the compounds recited herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal forms, polymorphs, chelates, non-covalent complexes, esters, clathrates and prodrugs of such compounds. As used herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an acid or base salt that is generally considered in the art to be suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication. Such salts include mineral and organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, as well as alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids. Specific pharmaceutical salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric, sulfamic, sulfanilic, formic, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, benzene sulfonic, ethane disulfonic, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonic, nitric, benzoic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, citric, tartaric, lactic, stearic, salicylic, glutamic, ascorbic, pamoic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, propionic, hydroxymaleic, hydroiodic, phenylacetic, alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC—(CH₂)_(n)—COOH where n is 0-4, and the like. Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize further pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the compounds provided herein, including those listed by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., p. 1418 (1985). In general, a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base salt can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by any conventional chemical method. Briefly, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, the use of nonaqueous media such as ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, is preferred.

A “prodrug” is a compound that may not fully satisfy the structural requirements of the compounds provided herein, but is modified in vivo, following administration to a patient, to produce a compound of Formula I. For example, a prodrug may be an acylated derivative of a compound as provided herein. Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups within the compounds provided herein. Prodrugs of the compounds provided herein may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved to the parent compounds.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. An alkyl group may be bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest via any chemically suitable portion. Alkyl groups include groups having km 1 to 8 carbon atoms (C₁-C₈alkyl), from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C₁-C₆alkyl) and from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C₁-C₄alkyl), such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and norbornyl. “C₀-C₄alkyl” refers to a bond or a C₁-C₄alkyl group; “C₀-C₈alkyl” refers to a bond or a C₁-C₈alkyl group. In certain embodiments, preferred alkyl groups are straight or branched chain. In some instances herein, a substituent of an alkyl group is specifically indicated. For example, “cyanoC₁-C₆alkyl” refers to a C₁-C₆alkyl group that has a CN substituent. One representative branched cyanoalkyl group is —C(CH₃)₂CN. Similarly, “hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl” refers to a C₁-C₆alkyl group that has an —OH substituent.

“Alkenyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkene groups or cycloalkene groups, in which at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond is present. Alkenyl groups include C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl and C₂-C₄alkenyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively, such as ethenyl, allyl or isopropenyl. “Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkyne groups, which have one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, at least one of which is a triple bond. Alkynyl groups include C₂-C₈alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₂-C₄alkynyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively. In certain embodiments, preferred alkenyl and alkynyl groups are straight or branched chain.

By “alkoxy,” as used herein, is meant an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group as described above attached via an oxygen bridge. Alkoxy groups include C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy and C₁-C₄alkoxy groups, which have from 1 to 8, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively. Alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy. Similarly, “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group as described above attached via a sulfur bridge. Preferred alkoxy and alkylthio groups are those in which an alkyl group is attached via the heteroatom bridge.

The term “alkanoyl” refers to an acyl group in a linear, branched or cyclic arrangement (e.g., —(C═O)-alkyl). Alkanoyl groups include C₂-C₈alkanoyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl and C₂-C₄alkanoyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively. “C₁alkanoyl” refers to —(C═O)—H, which (along with C₂-C₈alkanoyl) is encompassed by the term “C₁-C₈alkanoyl.”

An “alkanone” is a ketone group in which carbon atoms are in a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl arrangement. “C₃-C₈alkanone,” “C₃-C₆alkanone” and “C₃-C₄alkanone” refer to an alkanone having from 3 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively. By way of example, a C₃ alkanone group has the structure —CH₂—(C═O)—CH₃.

Similarly, “alkyl ether” refers to a linear or branched ether substituent linked via a carbon-carbon bond. Alkyl ether groups include C₂-C₈alkyl ether, C₂-C₆alkyl ether and C₂-C₆alkyl ether groups, which have 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively. By way of example, a C₂ alkyl ether group has the structure —CH₂—O—CH₃. A representative branched alkyl ether substituent is —C(CH₃)₂CH₂—O—CH₃.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to an alkoxy group linked via a carbonyl (i.e., a group having the general structure —C(═O)—O-(alkyl). Alkoxycarbonyl groups include C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆ and C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively. “C₁alkoxycarbonyl” refers to —C(═O)—OH, which is encompassed by the term “C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl.”

“Alkanoyloxy,” as used herein, refers to an alkanoyl group linked via an oxygen bridge (i.e., a group having the general structure —O—C(═O)alkyl). Alkanoyloxy groups include C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆ and C₂-C₄alkanoyloxy groups, which have from 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively.

“Alkylamino” refers to a secondary or tertiary amine having the general structure —NH-alkyl or —N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each alkyl may be the same or different. Such groups include, for example, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino groups, in which each alkyl may be the same or different and may contain from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, as well as mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino groups and mono- and di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino groups.

“Alkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkylamino group linked via an alkyl group (i.e., a group having the general structure -alkyl-NH-alkyl or -alkyl-N(alkyl)(alkyl)) in which each alkyl is selected independently. Such groups include, for example, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminoC₁-C₈alkyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)aminoC₁-C₆alkyl and mono- and di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)aminoC₁-C₄alkyl, in which each alkyl may be the same or different. “Mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)aminoC₀-C₆alkyl” refers to a mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino group linked via a direct bond or a C₁-C₆alkyl group. The following are representative alkylaminoalkyl groups:

The term “aminocarbonyl” refers to an amide group (i.e., —(C═O)NH₂). “Mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminocarbonyl” is an aminocarbonyl group in which one or both of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with C₁-C₈alkyl. If both hydrogen atoms are so replaced, the C₁-C₈alkyl groups may be the same or different.

The term “aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of the formula —S(O₂)NH₂. “Mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl” refers to such groups in which one or both of the hydrogens is replaced by an independently chosen C₁-C₈alkyl.

An “alkylsulfonyl” is a group of the formula —S(O₂)-alkyl. “(C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl” refers to such a group in which the alkyl portion contains from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

The term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

A “haloalkyl” is a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group, substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms (e.g., “haloC₁-C₈alkyl” groups have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; “haloC₁-C₆alkyl” groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-fluoromethyl; mono-, di- or tri-chloromethyl; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-fluoroethyl; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-chloroethyl; and 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-trifluoromethyl-ethyl. Typical haloalkyl groups are trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl. The term “haloalkoxy” refers to a haloalkyl group as defined above attached via an oxygen bridge. “HaloC₁-C₈alkoxy” groups have 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH₂ is attached through the carbon atom.

A “heteroatom,” as used herein, is oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.

A “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic group” comprises at least one ring formed entirely by carbon-carbon bonds (referred to herein as a carbocyclic ring), and does not contain a heterocyclic ring. Unless otherwise specified, each carbocyclic ring within a carbocycle may be saturated, partially saturated or aromatic. A carbocycle generally has from 1 to 3 fused, pendant or spiro rings; carbocycles within certain embodiments have one ring or two fused rings. Typically, each ring contains from 3 to 8 ring members (i.e., C₃-C₈); C₅-C₇ rings are recited in certain embodiments. Carbocycles comprising fused, pendant or spiro rings typically contain from 9 to 14 ring members. Certain representative carbocycles are cycloalkyl (i.e., groups that comprise saturated and/or partially saturated rings, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, decahydro-naphthalenyl, octahydro-indenyl, and partially saturated variants of any of the foregoing, such as cyclohexenyl). Other carbocycles are aryl (i.e., contain at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring). Such carbocycles include, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl.

Certain carbocycles recited herein are arylalkyl groups (Le., groups in which a carbocyclic group comprising at least one aromatic ring is linked via a direct bond or via an alkyl group), such as C₆-C₁₀arylC₀-C₈alkyl groups. Such groups include, for example, phenyl and indanyl, as well as groups in which either of the foregoing is linked via C₁-C₈alkyl, preferably via C₁-C₄alkyl. Phenyl groups linked via a direct bond or alkyl group may be designated phenylC₀-C₈alkyl (e.g., benzyl, 1-phenyl-ethyl, 1-phenyl-propyl and 2-phenyl-ethyl). A phenylC₀-C₈alkoxy group is a phenyl ring linked via an oxygen bridge or an alkoxy group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., phenoxy or benzoxy).

A “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic group” has from 1 to 3 fused, pendant or spiro rings, at least one of which is a heterocyclic ring (i.e., one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon). Typically, a heterocyclic ring comprises 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms; within certain embodiments each heterocyclic ring has 1 or 2 heteroatoms per ring. Each heterocyclic ring generally contains from 3 to 8 ring members (rings having from 4 or 5 to 7 ring members are recited in certain embodiments) and heterocycles comprising fused, pendant or spiro rings typically contain from 9 to 14 ring members. Certain heterocycles comprise a sulfur atom as a ring member; in certain embodiments, the sulfur atom is oxidized to SO or SO₂. Heterocycles may be optionally substituted with a variety of substituents, as indicated. Unless otherwise specified, a heterocycle may be a heterocycloalkyl group (Le., each ring is saturated or partially saturated) or a heteroaryl group (i.e., at least one ring within the group is aromatic). A heterocyclic group may generally be linked via any ring or substituent atom, provided that a stable compound results. N-linked heterocyclic groups are linked via a component nitrogen atom.

Heterocyclic groups include, for example, azepanyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benztetrazolyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrotetrahydrofuranyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decyl, dithiazinyl, firanyl, furazanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridoimidazolyl, pyridooxazolyl, pyridothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, thiomorpholinyl and variants thereof in which the sulfur atom is oxidized, triazinyl, and any of the foregoing that are substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents as described above.

A “heterocycleC₀-C₈alkyl” is a heterocyclic group linked via a direct bond or C₁-C₈alkyl group. A (5- to 10-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl is a heterocyclic group having from 5 to 10 ring members linked via a direct bond or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. If the heterocycle is heteroaryl, the group is designated (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)C₀-C₈alkyl. A (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl is a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring linked via a bond or a C₁-C₈alkyl group; a (4- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl is a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring linked via a bond or a C₁-C₈alkyl group.

Certain heterocyclic groups are 4- to 10-membered, 5- to 10-membered, 3- to 7-membered, 4- to 7-membered or 5- to 7-membered groups that contain 1 heterocyclic ring or 2 fused or spiro rings, optionally substituted. 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, morpholino, thiomorpholino and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholin-4-yl. Such groups may be substituted as indicated. Representative aromatic heterocycles are azocinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl and 3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl.

A “substituent,” as used herein, refers to a molecular moiety that is covalently bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest. For example, a “ring substituent” may be a moiety such as a halogen, alkyl group, haloalkyl group or other group discussed herein that is covalently bonded to an atom (preferably a carbon or nitrogen atom) that is a ring member. The term “substitution” refers to replacing a hydrogen atom in a molecular structure with a substituent as described above, such that the valence on the designated atom is not exceeded, and such that a chemically stable compound (i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterized, and tested for biological activity) results from the substitution.

Groups that are “optionally substituted” are unsubstituted or are substituted by other than hydrogen at one or more available positions, typically 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 positions, by one or more suitable groups (which may be the same or different). Such optional substituents include, for example, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, C₃-C₈alkanone, C₁-C₈alkylthio, amino, mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino, haloC₁-C₈alkyl, haloC₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkanoyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, and/or mono and di(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl, as well as phosphates and phosphonates, and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups. Optional substitution is also indicated by the phrase “substituted with from 0 to X substituents,” where X is the maximum number of possible substituents. Certain optionally substituted groups are substituted with from 0 to 2, 3 or 4 independently selected substituents (i.e., are unsubstituted or substituted with up to the recited maximum number of substitutents).

The terms “VR1” and “capsaicin receptor” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a type 1 vanilloid receptor. Unless otherwise specified, these terms encompass both rat and human VR1 receptors (e.g., GenBank Accession Numbers AF327067, AJ277028 and NM_(—)018727; sequences of certain human VR1 cDNAs are provided in SEQ ID NOs:1-3, and the encoded amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:4 and 5, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,611), as well as homologs thereof found in other species.

A “VR1 modulator,” also referred to herein as a “modulator,” is a compound that modulates VR1 activation and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction. VR1 modulators specifically provided herein are compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable forms of compounds of Formula I. A VR1 modulator may be a VR1 agonist or antagonist. A modulator binds with “high affinity” if the K_(i) at VR1 is less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 500 nanomolar, 100 nanomolar, 10 nanomolar or 1 nanomolar. A representative assay for determining K_(i) at VR1 is provided in Example 5, herein.

A modulator is considered an “antagonist” if it detectably inhibits vanilloid ligand binding to VR1 and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction (using, for example, the representative assay provided in Example 6); in general, such an antagonist inhibits VR1 activation with a IC₅₀ value of less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 100 nanomolar, and more preferably less than 10 nanomolar or 1 nanomolar within the assay provided in Example 6. VR1 antagonists include neutral antagonists and inverse agonists. In certain embodiments, capsaicin receptor antagonists provided herein are not vanilloids.

An “inverse agonist” of VR1 is a compound that reduces the activity of VR1 below its basal activity level in the absence of added vanilloid ligand. Inverse agonists of VR1 may also inhibit the activity of vanilloid ligand at VR1, and/or may also inhibit binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1. The ability of a compound to inhibit the binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1 may be measured by a binding assay, such as the binding assay given in Example 5. The basal activity of VR1, as well as the reduction in VR1 activity due to the presence of VR1 antagonist, may be determined from a calcium mobilization assay, such as the assay of Example 6.

A “neutral antagonist” of VR1 is a compound that inhibits the activity of vanilloid ligand at VR1, but does not significantly change the basal activity of the receptor (ie., within a calcium mobilization assay as described in Example 6 performed in the absence of vanilloid ligand, VR1 activity is reduced by no more than 10%, more preferably by no more than 5%, and even more preferably by no more than 2%; most preferably, there is no detectable reduction in activity). Neutral antagonists of VR1 may inhibit the binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1.

As used herein a “capsaicin receptor agonist” or “VR1 agonist” is a compound that elevates the activity of the receptor above the basal activity level of the receptor (i.e., enhances VR1 activation and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction). Capsaicin receptor agonist activity may be identified using the representative assay provided in Example 6. In general, such an agonist has an EC₅₀ value of less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 100 nanomolar, and more preferably less than 10 nanomolar within the assay provided in Example 6. In certain embodiments, capsaicin receptor agonists provided herein are not vanilloids.

A “vanilloid” is capsaicin or any capsaicin analogue that comprises a phenyl ring with two oxygen atoms bound to adjacent ring carbon atoms (one of which carbon atom is located para to the point of attachment of a third moiety that is bound to the phenyl ring). A vanilloid is a “vanilloid ligand” if it binds to VR1 with a K_(i) (determined as described herein) that is no greater than 10 μM. Vanilloid ligand agonists include capsaicin, olvanil, N-arachidonoyl-dopamine and resiniferatoxin (RTX). Vanilloid ligand antagonists include capsazepine and iodo-resiniferatoxin.

A “capsaicin receptor modulatory amount” is an amount that, upon administration to a patient, achieves a concentration of VR1 modulator at a capsaicin receptor within the patient that is sufficient to alter the binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1 in vitro (using the assay provided in Example 5) and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction (using an assay provided in Example 6). The capsaicin receptor may be present, or example, in a body fluid such as blood, plasma, serum, CSF, synovial fluid, lymph, cellular interstitial fluid, tears or urine.

A “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount that, upon administration, is sufficient to provide detectable patient relief from a condition being treated. Such relief may be detected using any appropriate criteria, including alleviation of one or more symptoms, such as pain.

A “patient” is any individual treated with a VR1 modulator as provided herein. Patients include humans, as well as other animals such as companion animals (e.g., dogs and cats) and livestock. Patients may be experiencing one or more symptoms of a condition responsive to capsaicin receptor modulation (e.g., pain, exposure to vanilloid ligand, itch, urinary incontinence, respiratory disorders, cough and/or hiccup), or may be free of such symptom(s) (i.e., treatment may be prophylactic).

VR1 Modulators

As noted above, the present invention provides VR1 modulators that may be used in a variety of contexts, including in the treatment of pain (e.g., neuropathic or peripheral nerve-mediated pain); exposure to capsaicin; exposure to acid, heat, light, tear gas air pollutants, pepper spray or related agents; respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; itch; urinary incontinence; cough or hiccup; and/or obesity. VR1 modulators may also be used within in vitro assays (e.g., assays for receptor activity), as probes for detection and localization of VR1 and as standards in ligand binding and VR1-mediated signal transduction assays.

VR1 modulators provided herein are acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues, and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof, that detectably modulate the binding of capsaicin to VR1 at nanomolar (i.e., submicromolar) concentrations, preferably at subnanomolar concentrations, more preferably at concentrations below 100 picomolar, 20 picomolar, 10 picomolar or 5 picomolar. Such modulators are preferably not vanilloids. Preferred modulators further bind with high affinity to VR1. In certain embodiments, such modulators are VR1 antagonists and have no detectable agonist activity in the assay described in Example 6. VR1 modulators provided herein may find particular use in the treatment of conditions in which it is desirable to limit CNS penetration.

The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that small molecules having the general Formula I (as well as pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof), which comprise an acidic moiety, modulate VR1 activity. In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula I comprise a U, X, or Ar₂ group substituted with at least one acidic moiety; preferably, at least one of U and Ar₂ comprises at least one acidic moiety selected from carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group. Variables within Formula I are generally as described above.

Within Formula I, as noted above, the variables V, X, W, Y and Z are each independently N or CR₁, with the proviso that at least one of V and X is N. In certain compounds of Formula I, X is N and V is CH or C—COOH; in other compounds, X and V are both N or X is CH or C—COOH and V is N. In further compounds of Formula I, the variables W, Y and Z are independently CR₁ or N, where R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl, with hydrogen preferred. In certain such compounds, at least one of Y and Z is preferably N. Within certain further compounds, each R₁ is hydrogen or one R₁ is COOH and the other R₁ moieties are hydrogen. Compounds provided herein include, for example, those in which W is CH. In certain such compounds, Y is N and Z is CH. In other such compounds, Y and Z are both CH, or Z is N and Y is CH.

Representative acid-substituted quinazoline-4-ylamine analogues include, but are not limited to, compounds in which W is CH and U, V, X, Y and Z are as indicated for any one of the embodiments listed in Table I. TABLE I Representative Quinazoline-4-ylamine Analogue Core Structures U V X Y Z CR₂ N CR₁ CH CH CR₂ CR₁ N CH CH CR₂ N N CH CH N CR₁ N CH CH CR₂ N CR₁ N CH CR₂ CR₁ N N CH CR₂ N N N CH N CR₁ N N CH CR₂ N CR₁ CH N CR₂ CR₁ N CH N CR₂ N N CH N N CR₁ N CH N

For compounds in which U is CR₂, as noted above, R₂ is selected from:

-   -   (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; and     -   (ii) groups of the formula —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), wherein each         variable is selected independently from the others, and:         -   R_(c) is C₀-C₃alkyl (ie., a bond or an alkyl group             containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as —CH₂—,             —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH(CH₂CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—,             —CH(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— or             C₂-C₃alkenyl or C₂-C₃alkynyl; or R_(c) is joined to R_(y) or             R_(z) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle             that is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents             independently selected from R_(b);         -   M is a bond, O, S,             OPO₃(R_(z)) (ie., phosphates of the formula             such as             or PO₃(R_(z)) (i.e., phosphonates of the formula             such as         -   A is a bond or C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3             substituents independently chosen from R_(b); and         -   R_(y) and R_(z), if present, are independently: (a) hydrogen             or —COOH; (b) C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkanone, C₂-C₈alkyl ether,             C₂-C₈alkenyl or a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or             heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 6             substituents independently chosen from R_(b); or (c) joined             to R_(c) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or             heterocycle, substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents             independently selected from R_(b); or R_(y) and R_(c) are             joined to form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycle that is             substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently             selected from R_(b). Preferably, R_(z) is not COOH if M is             N(R_(z)), OPO₃(z) or PO₃(R_(z)).

In compounds in which adjacent variables are bonds (i.e., R_(c) and M, M and A, or R_(c), M and A are bonds), adjacent bonds are taken together to form a single bond. For example, if R₂ is —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), and all three of R_(c), M and A are bonds, then R₂ is selected from R_(y). R_(c) and M groups that are shown above with two points of attachment are oriented so that the point of attachment on the left is closer to the core bicyclic group. By way of example, if R₂ is —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), wherein R_(c) is —CH(CH₂CH₃)—, M is OPO₃(R_(z)), A is methyl, R_(y) is ethyl and R_(z) is benzyl, then R₂ is:

In compounds in which U comprises an acidic moiety, R₂ is generally a group of the formula —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y). The acidic moiety may be present, for example, within M and/or as a substituent of A or R_(y). In certain such compounds, R₂ is:

wherein:

-   -   R_(c) is C₀-C₂alkyl;     -   J is O or N(R_(z));     -   R₇ is:         -   (i) hydrogen;         -   (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl, phenyl or a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle,             each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents             independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino,             nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy,             C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio,             C₁-C₈alkyl ether, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or         -   (iii) joined to R_(z) to form a 4- to 10-membered             heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 3             substituents independently selected from R_(b); and             wherein the group designated R_(c)—C(═O)-J-R₇ comprises at             least one carboxylic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate group.

In certain embodiments, R₇ is joined to R_(z) to form a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, with the proviso that at least one substituent of the heterocycle is a carboxylic acid group. In other embodiments, R₇ is (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkoxy, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino and phenyl, wherein at least one of R_(z) and R₇ comprises a carboxylic acid group, or J is O and R₇ is hydrogen.

Representative R₂ groups that satisfy formula R_(2a)include, for example:

In other compounds of Formula I in which U is CR₂, R₂ is:

wherein:

-   -   Each R₅ and R₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy         and C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents         independently selected from R_(d);     -   R₇ is:         -   (i) —COOH;         -   (ii) C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkoxy,             mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino, or a 5- to 7-membered             heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3             substituents independently chosen from R_(b); or         -   (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —PO₃(R_(w))₂, wherein each R_(w) is             independently chosen from             -   (a) hydrogen; and             -   (b) C₁-C₈alkyl, phenylC₀-C₈alkyl and (5- to 7-membered                 heterocycleC₀-C₈alkyl each of which is substituted with                 from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from                 R_(d);     -   n is 0, 1, 2or3; and     -   each R_(d) is independently chosen from:         -   (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH; and         -   (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,             C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, or mono- or             di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from             0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy,             halogen, amino and —COOH; and     -   wherein R_(2b) comprises at least one carboxylic acid,         phosphate, or phosphonate group.

In certain such compounds, each R₅ and R₆ are, if present, independently hydrogen or methyl; and R₇ is: (i) —COOH; (ii) C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from R_(d), wherein at least R_(d) is a carboxylic acid group; or

-   (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —OPO₃(R_(w))₂.

Representative R₂ groups that satisfy formula R_(2b) include, for example:

wherein each “alkyl” is, for example, C₁-C₄alkyl (straight or branched) and each “aryl” is, for example, phenyl.

Within certain embodiments of Formula I, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from phenyl and 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocycles, optionally substituted. For example, Ar₁ and Ar₂ may be independently selected from phenyl and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles, each of which is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents. Substituents of Ar₁ and Ar₂ are generally groups of the formula LR_(a), in which L is independently selected at each occurrence from: a bond,

and R_(a) is as described above. If L is a bond, R_(a) is linked directly to a ring atom of Ar₁ or Ar₂; otherwise, L is located between a ring atom and R_(a). It will be apparent that L is generally a bond if R_(a) is halogen, cyano or nitro. In the structural drawings of L moieties shown above, the bond on the left side is attached to the ring atom and the bond on the right is attached to R_(a).

In certain embodiments, Ar₁ is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents as described above; preferably such substituents, if any, are independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy and haloC₁-C₆alkoxy. For example, Ar₁ may contain one substituent selected from halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, haloC₁-C₆alkyl and haloC₁-C₆alkoxy. If one or more Ar₁ substituents is present, at least one such substituent is preferably located in the ortho position (e.g., Ar₁ may be phenyl substituted at the 2-position, or pyridin-2-yl substituted at the 3-position). Ar₁ groups include, but are not limited to, pyridin-2-yl, 3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl, 3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl, 3-halo-pyridin-2-yl, phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl and 3-halo-phenyl.

Ar₂ groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl and thiadiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described above. Preferred Ar₂ groups are phenyl, pyridyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl and pyrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described above. Within certain embodiments, Ar₂ is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents as described above.

Optional substituents on the foregoing Ar2 groups are preferably independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, —(SO₂)R_(d), —N(R_(x))S(O)_(m)R_(d), and —N[S(O_(m))R_(x)]S(O)_(m)R_(d); wherein m is 1 or 2, R_(x) is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R_(d) is C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino or a 5- to 10-membered, N-linked heterocyclic group, each of which R_(d) is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy and haloC₁-C₄alkoxy. Certain substituents of Ar₂ (e.g., when Ar₂ is phenyl or pyridyl) are independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, C₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, C₁-C₄alkanoyl and groups of the formula —(SO₂)R_(d) or —SO₂N(R_(x))—R_(d), wherein R_(d) is C₁-C₆alkyl or haloC₁-C₆alkyl. For example, each substituent is, in certain embodiments, independently chosen from halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, cyano and groups of the formula —(SO₂)R_(d), wherein R_(d) is C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl. Certain Ar₂ groups have 1 or 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, C₁-C₄alkyl and haloC₁-C₄alkyl.

In certain embodiments, one Ar₂ substituent is located in the para position of a 6-membered Ar₂. Optional Ar₂ substituents are as described above and include, for example, groups in which R_(a) is independently selected at each occurrence from: (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano and nitro; and (ii) C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl and 4- to 10-membered heterocycles, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 4 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl and haloC₁-C₆alkyl. Preferred R_(d) moieties include halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, —(SO₂)R_(d), —NR_(x)S(O)_(m), and —N(S(O)_(m))₂; wherein m is 1 or 2, R_(x) is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R_(a) is C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, or a 5- to 10-membered, N-linked heterocyclic group, each of which R_(a) is substituted with from 0 to 4 substituents as described for Formula 1. Preferred Ar₂ substituents include C₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl and groups of the formula —(SO₂)R_(a), wherein R_(a) is C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl.

Certain preferred Ar₂ groups are phenyl, pyridin-2-yl and pyridin-3-yl, each of which is substituted at the para-position with halogen, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methyl-ethyl, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, propanesulfonyl, propane-2-sulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl. The term “para-position” is used herein to refer to the position on a 6-membered Ar₂ group that is para to the point of attachment to the core of the molecule. In other words, if Ar₂ is phenyl, the 4-position is the para-position; if Ar2 is pyridin-2-yl, the 5-position is the para-position; and if Ar₂ is pyridin-3-yl, the 6-position is the para-position. Additional substitutions, not at the para position, may also be present on certain preferred Ar₂ groups—preferably no more than 2 additional substitutions, and more preferably 0 or 1 additional substitution.

In compounds in which an Ar₂ substituent comprises an acidic moiety, the acidic substituent is preferably located in the meta or para position of a 6-membered Ar₂. In certain such compounds, the substituent comprising the acidic moiety has the formula:

wherein:

-   -   B₁ is O, NH or S;     -   D is —C(═O)— or C₂-C₃alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted with         a keto group;     -   B₂ is:         -   (a) O or S; in which case n is 1, and R_(c) is hydrogen,             PO₃H₂, PO₃H(alkyl), PO₃(alkyl)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, or C₂-C₆alkyl             ether, wherein each of the foregoing alkyl moieties is             substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently             selected from R_(d); or         -   (b) N, in which case n is 2, and             -   (i) R_(c) is independently chosen at each occurrence                 from hydrogen and C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkenyl,                 C₁-C₆alkynyl, each of which is substituted with from 0                 to 3 substituents selected from R_(d); or             -   (ii) both R_(c) moieties are joined to form, with B₂, a                 5- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl that is substituted                 with from 0 to 3 substituents independently selected                 from R_(d); and     -   each R_(d) is independently:         -   (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, or —COOH; or         -   (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,             C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, or mono- or             di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from             0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy,             halogen, amino and —COOH.

Representative

include, for example:

In certain embodiments, compounds provided herein have the formula:

wherein:

-   -   V, X, W, Y and Z are as described above;     -   R_(c) is a C₀-C₂alkylene;     -   J is O or N(R_(z));     -   R_(z) is:         -   (a) hydrogen;         -   (b) C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanone,             C₂-C₆alkyl ether, or a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or             heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 6             substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy,             cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl,             C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, and mono- and             di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or         -   (c) joined to R₇ to form a 5- to 7-membered carbocycle or             heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 6             substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy,             cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl,             C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, and mono- and             di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   E and F are independently CH or N;     -   R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl,         hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl,         aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl,         (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and         di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and         di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl; and     -   R₇ is:         -   (i) hydrogen;         -   (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl, phenyl or 5- to 7-membered heterocycle,             each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents             independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino,             nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy,             C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio,             C₁-C₈alkyl ether, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or         -   (iii) joined to R_(z) to form an optionally substituted 5-             to 7-membered heterocycle; and     -   wherein the group designated:         comprises at least one carboxylic acid group.

In certain embodiments, V, X, W, Y and Z are independently CH or N. For example, certain such compounds have the formula:

wherein:

-   -   Y and Z are independently CH or N;     -   R₃ is halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₈alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino,         or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   R₄ is halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or         mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; and     -   R₇ is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3         substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino,         —COOH, C₁-C₆alkoxy, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or (iii)         joined to R_(z) to form an optionally substituted 5- to         7-membered heterocycle;     -   and all other variables are as described for Formula II.

In certain embodiments of Formula IIa, J is O and R₇ is hydrogen.

Further compounds provided herein have the formula:

wherein:

-   -   V, X, W, Y and Z are as described above;     -   E and F are independently CH or N;     -   R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl,         hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl,         aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl,         (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and         di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and         di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl;     -   Each R₅ and R₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy         and C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents         independently selected from R_(d);     -   R₇ is:         -   (i) —COOH; or         -   (ii) C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkoxy,             mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino, or a 5- to 7-membered             heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3             substituents independently chosen from R_(d); or         -   (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —OPO₃(R_(w))₂, wherein each R_(w) is             independently chosen from             -   (a) hydrogen; and             -   (b) C₁-C₈alkyl, (phenyl)(C₀-C₈alkyl) and (5- to                 7-membered heterocycle)(C₀-C₈alkyl) each of which is                 substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently                 chosen from R_(d);     -   n is 0, 1, 2or 3; and     -   each R_(d) is independently chosen from:         -   (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH; and         -   (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,             C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, or mono- or             di-(C₁-C₄allyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from             0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy,             halogen, amino and —COOH; and             wherein R₇ is a carboxylic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate             group or at least one of R₅, R₆ and R₇ comprises a             carboxylic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate group.

For example, certain such compounds have the formula:

wherein:

-   -   Y and Z are independently CH or N;     -   R₃ is halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino,         or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   R₄ is halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or         mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   Each R₅ and R₆, if present, is independently hydrogen or methyl;         and     -   R₇ is:         -   (i) —COOH;         -   (ii) C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, pyrrolidine,             piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, each of which is             substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently             chosen from R_(d), wherein at least one R_(d) substituent             comprises a carboxylic acid group; or         -   (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —OPO₃(R_(w))₂;     -   wherein n, R_(d) and R_(w) are as described for Formula III.

Still further compounds provided herein satisfy the formula:

wherein:

-   -   X, U, V, W, Y and Z are as described above;     -   E and F are independently CH or N;     -   R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl,         hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl,         aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl,         (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino;     -   R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from         halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and         di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and         di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl;     -   B₁ is O, NH or S;     -   D is —C(═O)— or C₂-C₃alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with a         keto group;     -   B₂ is:         -   (a) O or S; in which case n is 1, and R_(c) is hydrogen,             PO₃H₂, PO₃H(alkyl), PO₃(alkyl)₂, C₁- C₆alkyl, or C₂-C₆alkyl             ether, each of which alkyl moiety is substituted with from 0             to 3 substituents independently selected from R_(d); or         -   (b) N, in which case n is 2, and             -   (i) R_(c) is independently chosen at each occurrence                 from hydrogen and C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkenyl,                 C₁-C₆alkynyl, each of which is substituted with from 0                 to 3 substituents selected from R_(d); or             -   (ii) both R_(c) moieties are joined to form, with B₂, a                 5- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl that is substituted                 with from 0 to 3 substituents selected from R_(d); and     -   each R_(d) is independently:         -   (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro or —COOH; or         -   (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,             C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy,             C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, or mono- or             di-C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from             0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy,             halogen, amino and —COOH; and     -   wherein the group designated:         comprises at least one carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate         group.

Within certain such compounds, B₁ is O; D is —CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—C(═O)—; and —B₂—(R_(c))n is (a) —OH, C₁-C₄alkoxy, —O—PO₃H₂ or —PO₃H₂, or (b) pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, substituted with —COOH.

Representative compounds provided herein include, but are not limited to, those specifically described in Examples 1-3. It will be apparent that the specific compounds recited therein are representative only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, as noted above, all compounds of the present invention may be present as a pharmaceutically acceptable form, such as a hydrate or acid addition salt.

Acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues provided herein detectably alter (modulate) vanilloid ligand-induced VR1 activity, as determined using a standard in vitro VR1 ligand binding assay and/or a functional assay such as a calcium mobilization assay, dorsal root ganglion assay or in vivo pain relief assay. References herein to a “VR1 ligand binding assay” are intended to refer to a standard in vitro receptor binding assay such as that provided in Example 5, and a “calcium mobilization assay” (also referred to herein as a “signal transduction assay” is described in Example 6. Briefly, to assess binding to VR1, a competition assay may be performed in which a VR1 preparation is incubated with labeled (e.g., ¹²⁵I or ³H) compound that binds to VR1 (e.g., a capsaicin receptor agonist such as RTX) and unlabeled test compound. Within the assays provided herein, the VR1 used is preferably mammalian VR1, more preferably human or rat VR1. The receptor may be recombinantly expressed or naturally expressed. The VR1 preparation may be, for example, a membrane preparation from HEK293 or CHO cells that recombinantly express human VR1. Incubation with a compound that detectably modulates vanilloid ligand binding to VR1 results in a decrease or increase in the amount of label bound to the VR1 preparation, relative to the amount of label bound in the absence of the compound. This decrease or increase may be used to determine the K_(i) at VR1 as described herein. In general, compounds that decrease the amount of label bound to the VR1 preparation within such an assay are preferred.

As noted above, compounds that are VR1 antagonists are preferred within certain embodiments. IC₅₀ values for such compounds may be determined using a standard in vitro VR1-mediated calcium mobilization assay, as provided in Example 6. Briefly, cells expressing capsaicin receptor are contacted with a compound of interest and with an indicator of intracellular calcium concentration (e.g., a membrane permeable calcium sensitivity dye such as Fluo-3 or Fura-2 (both of which are available, for example, from Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), each of which produce a fluorescent signal when bound to Ca⁺⁺). Such contact is preferably carried out by one or more incubations of the cells in buffer or culture medium comprising either or both of the compound and the indicator in solution. Contact is maintained for an amount of time sufficient to allow the dye to enter the cells (e.g., 1-2 hours). Cells are washed or filtered to remove excess dye and are then contacted with a vanilloid receptor agonist (e.g., capsaicin, RTX or olvanil), typically at a concentration equal to the EC₅₀ concentration, and a fluorescence response is measured. When agonist-contacted cells are contacted with a compound that is a VR1 antagonist the fluorescence response is generally reduced by at least 20%, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 80%, as compared to cells that are contacted with the agonist in the absence of test compound. The IC₅₀ for VR1 antagonists provided herein is preferably less than 1 micromolar, less than 100 nM, less than 10 nM or less than 1 nM.

In other embodiments, compounds that are capsaicin receptor agonists are preferred. Capsaicin receptor agonist activity may generally be determined as described in Example 6. When cells are contacted with 1 micromolar of a compound that is a VR1 agonist, the fluorescence response is generally increased by an amount that is at least 30% of the increase observed when cells are contacted with 100 nM capsaicin. The EC₅₀ for VR1 agonists provided herein is preferably less than 1 micromolar, less than 100 nM or less than 10 nM.

VR1 modulating activity may also, or alternatively, be assessed using a cultured dorsal root ganglion assay as provided in Example 9 and/or an in vivo pain relief assay as provided in Example 10. Compounds provided herein preferably have a statistically significant specific effect on VR1 activity within one or more functional assays provided herein.

Within certain embodiments, VR1 modulators provided herein do not substantially modulate ligand binding to other cell surface receptors, such as EGF receptor tyrosine kinase or the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In other words, such modulators do not substantially inhibit activity of a cell surface receptor such as the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase or the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (e.g., the IC₅₀ or IC₄₀ at such a receptor is preferably greater than 1 micromolar, and most preferably greater than 10 micromolar). Preferably, a modulator does not detectably inhibit EGF receptor activity or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity at a concentration of 0.5 micromolar, 1 micromolar or more preferably 10 micromolar. Assays for determining cell surface receptor activity are commercially available, and include the tyrosine kinase assay kits available from Panvera (Madison, Wis.).

Preferred VR1 modulators provided herein are non-sedating. In other words, a dose of VR1 modulator that is twice the minimum dose sufficient to provide analgesia in an animal model for determining pain relief (such as a model provided in Example 10, herein) causes only transient (i.e., lasting for no more than ½ the time that pain relief lasts) or preferably no statistically significant sedation in an animal model assay of sedation (using the method described by Fitzgerald et al. (1988) Toxicology 49(2-3):433-9). Preferably, a dose that is five times the minimum dose sufficient to provide analgesia does not produce statistically significant sedation. More preferably, a VR1 modulator provided herein does not produce sedation at intravenous doses of less than 25 mg/kg (preferably less than 10 mg/kg) or at oral doses of less than 140 mg/kg (preferably less than 50 mg/kg, more preferably less than 30 mg/kg).

If desired, VR1 modulators provided herein may be evaluated for certain pharmacological properties including, but not limited to, oral bioavailability (preferred compounds are orally bioavailable to an extent allowing for therapeutically effective concentrations of the compound to be achieved at oral doses of less than 140 mg/kg, preferably less than 50 mg/kg, more preferably less than 30 mg/kg, even more preferably less than 10 mg/kg, still more preferably less than 1 mg/kg and most preferably less than 0.1 mg/kg), toxicity (a preferred VR1 modulator is nontoxic when a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount is administered to a subject), side effects (a preferred VR1 modulator produces side effects comparable to placebo when a therapeutically effective amount of the compound is administered to a subject), serum protein binding and in vitro and in vivo half-life (a preferred compound exhibits an in vitro half-life that is equal to an in vivo half-life allowing for Q.I.D. dosing, preferably T.I.D. dosing, more preferably B.I.D. dosing, and most preferably once-a-day dosing). In addition, differential penetration of the blood brain barrier may be desirable for VR1 modulators used to treat pain by modulating CNS VR1 activity such that total daily oral doses as described above provide such modulation to a therapeutically effective extent, while low brain levels of VR1 modulators used to treat peripheral nerve mediated pain may be preferred (i.e., such doses do not provide brain (e.g., CSF) levels of the compound sufficient to significantly modulate VR1 activity). Routine assays that are well known in the art may be used to assess these properties, and identify superior compounds for a particular use. For example, assays used to predict bioavailability include transport across human intestinal cell monolayers, including Caco-2 cell monolayers. Penetration of the blood brain barrier of a compound in humans may be predicted from the brain levels of the compound in laboratory animals given the compound (e.g., intravenously). Serum protein binding may be predicted from albumin binding assays. Compound half-life is inversely proportional to the frequency of dosage of a compound. In vitro half-lives of compounds may be predicted from assays of microsomal half-life as described within Example 7, herein.

As noted above, preferred VR1 modulators are nontoxic. In general, the term “nontoxic” as used herein shall be understood in a relative sense and is intended to refer to any substance that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for administration to mammals (preferably humans) or, in keeping with established criteria, is susceptible to approval by the FDA for administration to mammals (preferably humans). In addition, a highly preferred nontoxic compound generally satisfies one or more of the following criteria: (1) does not substantially inhibit cellular ATP production; (2) does not significantly prolong heart QT intervals; (3) does not cause substantial liver enlargement, and (4) does not cause substantial release of liver enzymes.

As used herein, a VR1 modulator that “does not substantially inhibit cellular ATP production” is a compound that satisfies the criteria set forth in Example 8, herein. In other words, cells treated as described in Example 8 with 100 μM of such a compound exhibit ATP levels that are at least 50% of the ATP levels detected in untreated cells. In more highly preferred embodiments, such cells exhibit ATP levels that are at least 80% of the ATP levels detected in untreated cells.

A VR1 modulator that “does not significantly prolong heart QT intervals” is a compound that does not result in a statistically significant prolongation of heart QT intervals (as determined by electrocardiography) in guinea pigs, minipigs or dogs upon administration of twice the minimum dose yielding a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration. In certain preferred embodiments, a dose of 0.01, 0.05. 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 40 or 50 mg/kg administered parenterally or orally does not result in a statistically significant prolongation of heart QT intervals. By “statistically significant” is meant results varying from control at the p<0.1 level or more preferably at the p<0.05 level of significance as measured using a standard parametric assay of statistical significance such as a student's T test.

A VR1 modulator “does not cause substantial liver enlargement” if daily treatment of laboratory rodents (e.g., mice or rats) for 5-10 days with twice the minimum dose that yields a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration results in an increase in liver to body weight ratio that is no more than 100% over matched controls. In more highly preferred embodiments, such doses do not cause liver enlargement of more than 75% or 50% over matched controls. If non-rodent mammals (e.g., dogs) are used, such doses should not result in an increase of liver to body weight ratio of more than 50%, preferably not more than 25%, and more preferably not more than 10% over matched untreated controls. Preferred doses within such assays include 0.01, 0.05. 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 40 or 50 mg/kg administered parenterally or orally.

Similarly, a VR1 modulator “does not promote substantial release of liver enzymes” if administration of twice the minimum dose yielding a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration does not elevate serum levels of ALT, LDH or AST in laboratory rodents by more than 100% over matched mock-treated controls. In more highly preferred embodiments, such doses do not elevate such serum levels by more than 75% or 50% over matched controls. Alternatively, a VR1 modulator “does not promote substantial release of liver enzymes” if, in an in vitro hepatocyte assay, concentrations (in culture media or other such solutions that are contacted and incubated with hepatocytes in vitro) equivalent to two-fold the minimum in vivo therapeutic concentration of the compound do not cause detectable release of any of such liver enzymes into culture medium above baseline levels seen in media from matched mock-treated control cells. In more highly preferred embodiments, there is no detectable release of any of such liver enzymes into culture medium above baseline levels when such compound concentrations are five-fold, and preferably ten-fold the minimum in vivo therapeutic concentration of the compound.

In other embodiments, certain preferred VR1 modulators do not inhibit or induce microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, such as CYP1A2 activity, CYP2A6 activity, CYP2C9 activity, CYP2C19 activity, CYP2D6 activity, CYP2E1 activity or CYP3A4 activity at a concentration equal to the minimum therapeutically effective in vivo concentration.

Certain preferred VR1 modulators are not clastogenic (e.g., as determined using a mouse erythrocyte precursor cell micronucleus assay, an Ames micronucleus assay, a spiral micronucleus assay or the like) at a concentration equal to the minimum therapeutically effective in vivo concentration. In other embodiments, certain preferred compounds do not induce sister chromatid exchange (e.g., in Chinese hamster ovary cells) at such concentrations.

For detection purposes, as discussed in more detail below, VR1 modulators provided herein may be isotopically-labeled or radiolabeled. Accordingly, compounds recited in Formula I may have one or more atoms replaced by an atom of the same element having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be present in the compounds provided herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁴N , ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F and ³⁶Cl. In addition, substitution with heavy isotopes such as deuterium (ie., ²H) can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.

Preparation of VR1 Modulators

Acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues may generally be prepared using synthetic methods that are known in the art (see, e.g., PCT Application Publication No. WO 03/062209, especially schemes 1 to 23 at pages 39 to 50 and Examples 1-3, which are incorporated by reference herein for their general teaching of the synthesis of quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues). In certain synthetic procedures, acidic groups may be carried through the synthesis as an ester, and then hydrolyzed. Alternatively, a leaving group may be displaced with cyanide and then hydrolyzed to CO₂H. Phosphoric acids may be generated from the corresponding dibenzyl phosphate, following removal of the benzyl groups by hydrogenation. These and other synthetic strategies are illustrated by the following Schemes.

In general, starting materials are commercially available from suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, Mo.), or may be synthesized from commercially available precursors using established protocols. By way of example, a synthetic route similar to that shown in any of Schemes 1-12 may be used, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Each “R,” in the following Schemes, refers to any group consistent with the description of the compounds provided herein.

In the Schemes that follow, the term “catalyst” refers to a suitable transition metal catalyst such as, but not limited to catalyst precurors or in-situ generated palladium-phosphine complexes (illustrative examples include tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) or mixtures of a phosphine and palladium(II) acetate). In addition, the aforementioned catalytic systems may include ligands such as, but not limited to, 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl and tri-tert-butylphosphine and may also include a base such as K₃PO₄, Na₂CO₃ or sodium or potassium tert-butoxide. Transition metal catalyzed reactions can be carried out at ambient or elevated temperatures using various inert solvents including, but not limited to, toluene, dioxane, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone, ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, diglyme and acetonitrile. When used in conjunction with suitable metallo-aryl reagents, these transition metal catalyzed (hetero)aryl-aryl coupling reactions can be used to prepare the compounds encompassed in general structures 1B (Scheme 1) and 2B (Scheme 2). More commonly employed reagent/catalyst pairs include aryl boronic acid/palladium(0) (Suzuki reaction; N. Miyaura and A. Suzuki, Chemical Reviews 1995, 95, 2457), aryl trialkylstannane/palladium(0) (Stille reaction; T. N. Mitchell, Synthesis 1992, 803), arylzinc/palladium(0) and aryl Grignard/nickel(II),

In the following Schemes, “reduce” refers to the process of reducing a nitro functionality to an amino functionality. This transformation can be carried out in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis including, but not limited to, catalytic hydrogenation, reduction with SnCl₂, and reduction with titanium trichloride. For an overview of reduction methods see: Hudlicky, M. Reductions in Organic Chemistry, ACS Monograph 188: 1996.

The term “activate,” in the following Schemes, refers to the synthetic transformation wherein a carbonyl of an amide moiety is converted to a suitable leaving group. Such a transformation can be used to prepare compounds of general structure 1I (Scheme 1), 2E (Scheme 2), 5C (Scheme 5) 7C (Scheme 7) and 8B (Scheme 8). Reagents suitable for carrying out this transformation are well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis and include, but are not limited to, SOCl₂, POCl₃, and triflic anhydride.

In the Schemes that follow, the term “hydrolyze” refers to the action of water on a nitrile or ester moiety, resulting in the formation of an amide or a carboxylic acid moiety, respectively. This transformation can be carried out by water with the addition of a number of acidic or basic catalysts well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

In the following Schemes, “oxidize” refers to a synthetic transformation wherein a methyl group is converted to a carboxylic acid group. Such a transformation can be used to prepare compounds such as 11-D (Scheme 11). Various reagents familiar to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis can be used to carry out this transformation including, but not limited to, KMnO₄ in basic media (e.g., NaOH solution or aqueous pyridine) and K₂Cr₂O₇ in acidic media (e.g., H₂SO₄).

Scheme 12 illustrates the “Arbuzov Reaction,” in which a phosphonate group is reacted with a haloalkyl (12-A) or haloaromatic group (12-C) to form the corresponding phosphonate. Further details regarding this reaction may be found in Michael B. Smith and Jerry March (2001) “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry” 5th ed. (Wiley-Interscience, New York) page 1234 and references therein.

In certain embodiments, a VR1 modulator may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compound can exist in different stereoisomeric forms. Such forms can be, for example, racemates or optically active forms. As noted above, all stereoisomers are encompassed by the present invention. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to obtain single enantiomers (i.e., optically active forms). Standard methods for preparing single enantiomers include asymmetric synthesis and resolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography using, for example a chiral HPLC column.

Compounds may be radiolabeled by carrying out their synthesis using precursors comprising at least one atom that is a radioisotope. Each radioisotope is preferably carbon (e.g., ¹⁴C), hydrogen (e.g., ³H), sulfur (e.g., ³⁵S), or iodine (e.g., ¹²⁵I). Tritium labeled compounds may also be prepared catalytically via platinum-catalyzed exchange in tritiated acetic acid, acid-catalyzed exchange in tritiated trifluoroacetic acid, or heterogeneous-catalyzed exchange with tritium gas using the compound as substrate. In addition, certain precursors may be subjected to tritium-halogen exchange with tritium gas, tritium gas reduction of unsaturated bonds, or reduction using sodium borotritide, as appropriate. Preparation of radiolabeled compounds may be conveniently performed by a radioisotope supplier specializing in custom synthesis of radiolabeled probe compounds.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more VR1 modulators, together with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient. Pharmaceutical compositions may comprise, for example, one or more of water, buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), ethanol, mineral oil, vegetable oil, dimethylsulfoxide, carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, adjuvants, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione and/or preservatives. In addition, other active ingredients may (but need not) be included in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including, for example, topical, oral, nasal, rectal or parenteral administration. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intracranial, intrathecal and intraperitoneal injection, as well as any similar injection or infusion technique. In certain embodiments, compositions suitable for oral use are preferred. Such compositions include, for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Within yet other embodiments, compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a lyophilizate. Formulation for topical administration may be preferred for certain conditions (e.g., in the treatment of skin conditions such as burns or itch). Formulation for direct administration into the bladder (intravesicular administration) may be preferred for treatment of urinary incontinence.

Compositions intended for oral use may further comprise one or more components such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and/or preserving agents in order to provide appealing and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with physiologically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. Such excipients include, for example, inert diluents (e.g., calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate), granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., corn starch or alginic acid), binding agents (e.g., starch, gelatin or acacia) and lubricating agents (e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc). The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium (e.g., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil).

Aqueous suspensions contain the active material(s) in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include suspending agents (e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia); and dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids such as polyoxyethylene stearate, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols such as heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as polyethylene sorbitan monooleate). Aqueous suspensions may also comprise one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient(s) in a vegetable oil (e.g., arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and/or flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. Such suspensions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, such as sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil (e.g., olive oil or arachis oil), a mineral oil (e.g., liquid paraffin) or a mixture thereof. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums (e.g., gum acacia or gum tragacanth), naturally-occurring phosphatides (e.g., soy bean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol), anhydrides (e.g., sorbitan monoleate) and condensation products of partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol with ethylene oxide (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate). An emulsion may also comprise one or more sweetening and/or flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents and/or coloring agents.

Formulations for topical administration typically comprise a topical vehicle combined with active agent(s), with or without additional optional components. Suitable topical vehicles and additional components are well known in the art, and it will be apparent that the choice of a vehicle will depend on the particular physical form and mode of delivery. Topical vehicles include water; organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., ethanol or isopropyl alcohol) or glycerin; glycols (e.g., butylene, isoprene or propylene glycol); aliphatic alcohols (e.g., lanolin); mixtures of water and organic solvents and mixtures of organic solvents such as alcohol and glycerin; lipid-based materials such as fatty acids, acylglycerols (including oils, such as mineral oil, and fats of natural or synthetic origin), phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids and waxes; protein-based materials such as collagen and gelatin; silicone-based materials (both non-volatile and volatile); and hydrocarbon-based materials such as microsponges and polymer matrices. A composition may further include one or more components adapted to improve the stability or effectiveness of the applied formulation, such as stabilizing agents, suspending agents, emulsifing agents, viscosity adjusters, gelling agents, preservatives, antioxidants, skin penetration enhancers, moisturizers and sustained release materials. Examples of such components are described in Martindale—The Extra Pharmacopoeia (Pharmaceutical Press, London 1993) and Martin (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Formulations may comprise microcapsules, such as hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles or nanocapsules.

A topical formulation may be prepared in a variety of physical forms including, for example, solids, pastes, creams, foams, lotions, gels, powders, aqueous liquids and emulsions. The physical appearance and viscosity of such pharmaceutically acceptable forms can be governed by the presence and amount of emulsifier(s) and viscosity adjuster(s) present in the formulation. Solids are generally firm and non-pourable and commonly are formulated as bars or sticks, or in particulate form; solids can be opaque or transparent, and optionally can contain solvents, emulsifiers, moisturizers, emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and other active ingredients that increase or enhance the efficacy of the final product. Creams and lotions are often similar to one another, differing mainly in their viscosity; both lotions and creams may be opaque, translucent or clear and often contain emulsifiers, solvents, and viscosity adjusting agents, as well as moisturizers, emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and other active ingredients that increase or enhance the efficacy of the final product. Gels can be prepared with a range of viscosities, from thick or high viscosity to thin or low viscosity. These formulations, like those of lotions and creams, may also contain solvents, emulsifiers, moisturizers, emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and other active ingredients that increase or enhance the efficacy of the final product. Liquids are thinner than creams, lotions, or gels and often do not contain emulsifiers. Liquid topical products often contain solvents, emulsifiers, moisturizers, emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and other active ingredients that increase or enhance the efficacy of the final product.

Suitable emulsifiers for use in topical formulations include, but are not limited to, ionic emulsifiers, cetearyl alcohol, non-ionic emulsifiers like polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, PEG-40 stearate, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, ceteareth-30, ceteareth alcohol, PEG-100 stearate and glyceryl stearate. Suitable viscosity adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, protective colloids or non-ionic gums such as hydroxyethylcellulose, xanthan gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, microcrystalline wax, beeswax, paraffin, and cetyl palmitate. A gel composition may be formed by the addition of a gelling agent such as chitosan, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyquaterniums, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carbomer or ammoniated glycyrrhizinate. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, nonionic, amphoteric, ionic and anionic surfactants. For example, one or more of dimethicone copolyol, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, lauramide DEA, cocamide DEA, and cocamide MEA, oleyl betaine, cocamidopropyl phosphatidyl PG-dimonium chloride, and ammonium laureth sulfate may be used within topical formulations. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, antimicrobials such as methylparaben, propylparaben, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and formaldehyde, as well as physical stabilizers and antioxidants such as vitamin E, sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid and propyl gallate. Suitable moisturizers include, but are not limited to, lactic acid and other hydroxy acids and their salts, glycerin, propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. Suitable emollients include lanolin alcohol, lanolin, lanolin derivatives, cholesterol, petrolatum, isostearyl neopentanoate and mineral oils. Suitable fragrances and colors include, but are not limited to, FD&C Red No. 40 and FD&C Yellow No. 5. Other suitable additional ingredients that may be included a topical formulation include, but are not limited to, abrasives, absorbents, anti-caking agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-static agents, astringents (e.g., witch hazel, alcohol and herbal extracts such as chamomile extract), binders/excipients, buffering agents, chelating agents, film forming agents, conditioning agents, propellants, opacifing agents, pH adjusters and protectants.

An example of a suitable topical vehicle for formulation of a gel is: hydroxypropylcellulose (2.1%); 70/30 isopropyl alcohol/water (90.9%); propylene glycol (5.1%); and Polysorbate 80 (1.9%). An example of a suitable topical vehicle for formulation as a foam is: cetyl alcohol (1.1%); stearyl alcohol (0.5%; Quatemium 52 (1.0%); propylene glycol (2.0%); Ethanol 95 PGF3 (61.05%); deionized water (30.05%); P75 hydrocarbon propellant (4.30%). All percents are by weight.

Typical modes of delivery for topical compositions include application using the fingers; application using a physical applicator such as a cloth, tissue, swab, stick or brush; spraying (including mist, aerosol or foam spraying); dropper application; sprinkling; soaking; and rinsing. Controlled release vehicles can also be used.

A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as a sterile injectible aqueous or oleaginous suspension. The modulator, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Such a composition may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectible compositions, and adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and/or buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.

Modulators may also be formulated as suppositories (e.g., for rectal administration). Such compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as sustained release formulations (i.e., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of modulator following administration). Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site. Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of modulator release. The amount of modulator contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon, for example, the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented.

In addition to or together with the above modes of administration, a modulator may be conveniently added to food or drinking water (e.g., for administration to non-human animals including companion animals (such as dogs and cats) and livestock). Animal feed and drinking water-compositions may be formulated so that the animal takes in an appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It may also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to feed or drinking water.

Modulators are generally administered in a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount, and preferably a therapeutically effective amount. Preferred systemic doses are no higher than 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day (e.g., ranging from about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day), with oral doses generally being about 5-20 fold higher than intravenous doses (e.g., ranging from 0.01 to 40 mg per kilogram of body weight per day).

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage unit will vary depending, for example, upon the patient being treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage units will generally contain between from about 10 μg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. Optimal dosages may be established using routine testing, and procedures that are well known in the art.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be packaged for treating conditions responsive to VR1 modulation (e.g., treatment of exposure to vanilloid ligand, pain, itch, obesity or urinary incontinence). Packaged pharmaceutical compositions may include a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one VR1 modulator as described herein and instructions (e.g., labeling) indicating that the contained composition is to be used for treating a condition responsive to VR1 modulation in the patient.

Methods of Use

VR1 modulators provided herein may be used to alter activity and/or activation of capsaicin receptors in a variety of contexts, both in vitro and in vivo. Within certain aspects, VR1 antagonists may be used to inhibit the binding of vanilloid ligand agonist (such as capsaicin and/or RTX) to capsaicin receptor in vitro or in vivo. In general, such methods comprise the step of contacting a capsaicin receptor with a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of one or more acid-substituted quinazoline-4-ylamine derivatives in the presence of vanilloid ligand in aqueous solution and under conditions otherwise suitable for binding of the ligand to capsaicin receptor. The capsaicin receptor may be present in solution or suspension (e.g., in an isolated membrane or cell preparation), or in a cultured or isolated cell. Within certain embodiments, the capsaicin receptor is expressed by a neuronal cell present in a patient, and the aqueous solution is a body fluid. Preferably, one or more VR1 modulators are administered to an animal in an amount such that the analogue is present in at least one body fluid of the animal at a therapeutically effective concentration that is 100 nanomolar or less, preferably 50 nanomolar or less, 20 nanomolar or less, or 10 nanomolar or less. For example, such compounds may be administered at a dose that is less than 20 mg/kg body weight, preferably less than 5 mg/kg and, in some instances, less than 1 mg/kg.

Also provided herein are methods for modulating, preferably inhibiting, the signal-transducing activity of a capsaicin receptor. Such modulation may be achieved by contacting a capsaicin receptor (either in vitro or in vivo) with a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of one or more VR1 modulators provided herein under conditions suitable for binding of the modulator(s) to the receptor. The receptor may be present in solution or suspension, in a cultured or isolated cell preparation or within a patient. Modulation of signal tranducing activity may be assessed by detecting an effect on calcium ion conductance (also referred to as calcium mobilization or flux). Modulation of signal transducing activity may alternatively be assessed by detecting an alteration of a symptom (e.g., pain, burning sensation, broncho-constriction, inflammation, cough, hiccup, itch, and urinary incontinence) of a patient being treated with one or more VR1 modulators provided herein.

VR1 modulator(s) provided herein are preferably administered to a patient (e.g., a human) orally or topically, and are present within at least one body fluid of the animal while modulating VR1 signal-transducing activity. Preferred VR1 modulators for use in such methods modulate VR1 signal-transducing activity in vitro at a concentration of 1 nanomolar or less, preferably 100 picomolar or less, more preferably 20 picomolar or less, and in vivo at a concentration of 1 micromolar or less, 500 nanomolar or less, or 100 nanomolar or less in a body fluid such as blood.

The present invention further provides methods for treating conditions responsive to VR1 modulation. Within the context of the present invention, the term “treatment” encompasses both disease-modifying treatment and symptomatic treatment, either of which may be prophylactic (i.e., before the onset of symptoms, in order to prevent, delay or reduce the severity of symptoms) or therapeutic (i.e., after the onset of symptoms, in order to reduce the severity and/or duration of symptoms). A condition is “responsive to VR1 modulation” if it is characterized by inappropriate activity of a capsaicin receptor, regardless of the amount of vanilloid ligand present locally, and/or if modulation of capsaicin receptor activity results in alleviation of the condition or a symptom thereof. Such conditions include, for example, symptoms resulting from exposure to VR1-activating stimuli, pain, respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, itch, urinary incontinence, cough, hiccup, and obesity, as described in more detail below. Such conditions may be diagnosed and monitored using criteria that have been established in the art. Patients may include humans, domesticated companion animals and livestock, with dosages as described above.

Treatment regimens may vary depending on the compound used and the particular condition to be treated. However, for treatment of most disorders, a frequency of administration of 4 times daily or less is preferred. In general, a dosage regimen of 2 times daily is more preferred, with once a day dosing particularly preferred. For the treatment of acute pain, a single dose that rapidly reaches effective concentrations is desirable. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. In general, the use of the minimum dose sufficient to provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using medical or veterinary criteria suitable for the condition being treated or prevented.

Patients experiencing symptoms resulting from exposure to capsaicin receptor-activating stimuli include individuals with burns caused by heat, light, tear gas or acid and those whose mucous membranes are exposed (e.g., via ingestion, inhalation or eye contact) to capsaicin (e.g., from hot peppers or in pepper spray) or a related irritant such as acid, tear gas or air pollutants. The resulting symptoms (which may be treated using VR1 modulators, especially antagonists, provided herein) may include, for example, pain, broncho-constriction and inflammation.

Pain that may be treated using the VR1 modulators provided herein may be chronic or acute and includes, but is not limited to, peripheral nerve-mediated pain (especially neuropathic pain). Compounds provided herein may be used in the treatment of, for example, postmastectomy pain syndrome, stump pain, phantom limb pain, oral neuropathic pain, toothache (dental pain), denture pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, trigeminal neuralgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, meralgia paresthetica, burning-mouth syndrome and/or bilateral peripheral neuropathy. Additional neuropathic pain conditions include causalgia (reflex sympathetic dystrophy—RSD, secondary to injury of a peripheral nerve), neuritis (including, for example, sciatic neuritis, peripheral neuritis, polyneuritis, optic neuritis, postfebrile neuritis, migrating neuritis, segmental neuritis and Gombault's neuritis), neuronitis, neuralgias (e.g., those mentioned above, cervicobrachial neuralgia, cranial neuralgia, geniculate neuralgia, glossopharyngial neuralgia, migranous neuralgia, idiopathic neuralgia, intercostals neuralgia, mammary neuralgia, mandibular joint neuralgia, Morton's neuralgia, nasociliary neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, red neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, splenopalatine neuralgia, supraorbital neuralgia and vidian neuralgia), surgery-related pain, musculoskeletal pain, AIDS-related neuropathy, MS-related neuropathy, and spinal cord injury-related pain. Headache, including headaches involving peripheral nerve activity, such as sinus, cluster (i.e., migranous neuralgia) and some tension headaches and migraine, may also be treated as described herein. For example, migraine headaches may be prevented by administration of a compound provided herein as soon as a pre-migrainous aura is experienced by the patient. Further pain conditions that can be treated as described herein include “burning mouth syndrome,” labor pains, Charcot's pains, intestinal gas pains, menstrual pain, acute and chronic back pain (e.g., lower back pain), hemorrhoidal pain, dyspeptic pains, angina, nerve root pain, homotopic pain and heterotopic pain—including cancer associated pain (e.g., in patients with bone cancer), pain (and inflammation) associated with venom exposure (e.g., due to snake bite, spider bite, or insect sting) and trauma associated pain (e.g., post-surgical pain, pain from cuts, bruises and broken bones, and burn pain). Additional pain conditions that may be treated as described herein include pain associated with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and/or inflammatory bowel disease.

Within certain aspects, VR1 modulators provided herein may be used for the treatment of mechanical pain. As used herein, the term “mechanical pain” refers to pain other than headache pain that is not neuropathic or a result of exposure to heat, cold or external chemical stimuli. Mechanical pain includes physical trauma (other than thermal or chemical burns or other irritating and/or painful exposures to noxious chemicals) such as post-surgical pain and pain from cuts, bruises and broken bones; toothache, denture pain; nerve root pain; osteoartiritis; rheumatoid arthritis; fibromyalgia; meralgia paresthetica; back pain; cancer-associated pain; angina; carpel tunnel syndrome; and pain resulting from bone fracture, labor, hemorrhoids, intestinal gas, dyspepsia, and menstruation.

Itching conditions that may be treated include psoriatic pruritis, itch due to hemodialysis, aguagenic pruritus, and itching associated with vulvar vestibulitis, contact dermatitis, insect bites and skin allergies. Urinary incontinence, as used herein, includes overactive bladder conditions, detrusor hyperflexia of spinal origin and bladder hypersensitivity, all of which may be treated as described herein. In certain such treatment methods, VR1 modulator is administered via a catheter or similar device, resulting in direct ejection of VR1 modulator into the bladder. Compounds provided herein may also be used as anti-tussive agents (to prevent, relieve or suppress coughing) and for the treatment of hiccup, and to promote weight loss in an obese patient.

Within other aspects, VR1 modulators provided herein may be used within combination therapy for the treatment of conditions involving inflammatory components. Such conditions include, for example, autoimmune disorders and pathologic autoimmune responses known to have an inflammatory component including, but not limited to, arthritis (especially rheumatoid arthritis), psoriasis, Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosus, irritable bowel syndrome, tissue graft rejection, and hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs. Other such conditions include trauma (e.g., injury to the head or spinal cord), cardio- and cerebo-vascular disease and certain infectious diseases.

Within such combination therapy, a VR1 modulator is administered to a patient along with an anti-inflammatory agent. The VR1 modulator and anti-inflammatory agent may be present in the same pharmaceutical composition, or may be administered separately in either order. Anti-inflammatory agents include, for example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-specific and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specific cyclooxgenase enzyme inhibitors, gold compounds, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor antagonists, anti-TNF alpha antibodies, anti-C5 antibodies, and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists. Examples of NSAIDs include, but are not limited to ibuprofen (e.g., ADVIL™, MOTRIN™), flurbiprofen (ANSAID™), naproxen or naproxen sodium (e.g., NAPROSYN, ANAPROX, ALEVE™), diclofenac (e.g., CATAFLAM™, VOLTAREN™), combinations of diclofenac sodium and misoprostol (e.g., ARTHROTEC™), sulindac (CLINORIL™), oxaprozin (DAYPRO™), diflunisal (DOLOBID™), piroxicam (FELDENE™), indomethacin (INDOCIN™), etodolac (LODINE™), fenoprofen calcium (NALFON™), ketoprofen (e.g., ORUDIS™, ORUVAIL™), sodium nabumetone (RELAFEN™), sulfasalazine (AZULFIDINE™), tolmetin sodium (TOLECTIN™), and hydroxychloroquine (PLAQUENIL™). A particular class of NSAIDs consists of compounds that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, such as celecoxib (CELEBREX™) and rofecoxib (VIOXX™). NSAIDs further include salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline and magnesium salicylates (TRILISATE™), and salsalate (DISALCID™), as well as corticosteroids such as cortisone (CORTONE™ acetate), dexamethasone (e.g., DECADRON™), methylprednisolone (MEDROL™) prednisolone (PRELONE™), prednisolone sodium phosphate (PEDIAPRED™), and prednisone (e.g., PREDNICEN-M™, DELTASONE™, STERAPRED™).

Suitable dosages for VR1 modulator within such combination therapy are generally as described above. Dosages and methods of administration of anti-inflammatory agents can be found, for example, in the manufacturer's instructions in the Physician's Desk Reference. In certain embodiments, the combination administration of a VR1 modulator with an anti-inflammatory agent results in a reduction of the dosage of the anti-inflammatory agent required to produce a therapeutic effect. Thus, preferably, the dosage of anti-inflammatory agent in a combination or combination treatment method of the invention is less than the maximum dose advised by the manufacturer for administration of the anti-inflammatory agent without combination administration of a VR1 antagonist. More preferably this dosage is less than ¾, even more preferably less than V₂, and highly preferably, less than ¼ of the maximum dose, while most preferably the dose is less than 10% of the maximum dose advised by the manufacturer for administration of the anti-inflammatory agent(s) when administered without combination administration of a VR1 antagonist. It will be apparent that the dosage amount of VR1 antagonist component of the combination needed to achieve the desired effect may similarly be affected by the dosage amount and potency of the anti-inflammatory agent component of the combination.

In certain preferred embodiments, the combination administration of a VR1 modulator with an anti-inflammatory agent is accomplished by packaging one or more VR1 modulators and one or more anti-inflammatory agents in the same package, either in separate containers within the package or in the same contained as a mixture of one or more VR1 antagonists and one or more anti-inflammatory agents. Preferred mixtures are formulated for oral administration (e.g., as pills, capsules, tablets or the like). In certain embodiments, the package comprises a label bearing indicia indicating that the one or more VR1 modulators and one or more anti-inflammatory agents are to be taken together for the treatment of an inflammatory pain condition. A highly preferred combination is one in which the anti-inflammatory agent(s) include at least one COX-2 specific cyclooxgenase enzyme inhibitor such as valdecoxib (BEXTRAC®), lumiracoxib (PREXIGE™), etoricoxib (ARCOXIA®), celecoxib (CELEBREX®) and/or rofecoxib (VIOXX®).

Within further aspects, VR1 modulators provided herein may be used in combination with one or more additional pain relief medications. Certain such medications are also anti-inflammatory agents, and are listed above. Other such medications are narcotic analgesic agents, which typically act at one or more opioid receptor subtypes (e.g., μ, κ and/or δ), preferably as agonists or partial agonists. Such agents include opiates, opiate derivatives and opioids, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof. Specific examples of narcotic analgesics include, within preferred embodiments, alfentanyl, alphaprodine, anileridine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, codeine, diacetyldihydromorphine, diacetylmorphine, dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, ethylmorphine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, isomethadone, levomethorphan, levorphane, levorphanol, meperidine, metazocine, methadone, methorphan, metopon, morphine, opium extracts, opium fluid extracts, powdered opium, granulated opium, raw opium, tincture of opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, paregoric, pentazocine, pethidine, phenazocine, piminodine, propoxyphene, racemethorphan, racemorphan, thebaine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates of the foregoing agents.

Other examples of narcotic analgesic agents include acetorphine, acetyldihydrocodeine, acetylmethadol, allylprodine, alphracetylmethadol, alphameprodine, alphamethadol, benzethidine, benzylmorphine, betacetylmethadol, betameprodine, betamethadol, betaprodine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine methylbromide, codeine-N-oxide, cyprenorphine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, diampromide, diethylthiambutene, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiamubutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, drotebanol, ethanol, ethylmethylthiambutene, etonitazene, etorphine, etoxeridine, furethidine, hydromorphinol, hydroxypethidine, ketobemidone, levomoramide, levophenacylmorphan, methyldesorphine, methyldihydromorphine, morpheridine, morphine methylpromide, morphine methylsulfonate, morphine-N-oxide, myrophin, naloxone, nalbuyphine, naltyhexone, nicocodeine, nicomorphine, noracymethadol, norlevorphanol, normethadone, normorphine, norpipanone, pentazocaine, phenadoxone, phenampromide, phenomorphan, phenoperidine, piritramide, pholcodine, proheptazoine, properidine, propiran, racemoramide, thebacon, trimeperidine and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof.

Further specific representative analgesic agents include, for example: TALWIN® Nx and DEMEROL® (both available from Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals; New York, N.Y.); LEVO-DROMORAN®; BUPRENEX® (Reckitt & Coleman Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Richmond, Va.); MSIR® (Purdue Pharma L.P.; Norwalk Conn.); DILAUDID® (Knoll Pharmaceutical Co.; Mount Olive, N.J.); SUBLIMAZE®; SUFENTA® (Janssen Pharmaceutica Inc.; Titusville, N.J.); PERCOCET®, NUBAIN® and NUMORPHAN® (all available from Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Chadds Ford, Pa.) HYDROSTAT® IR, MS/S and MS/L (all available from Richwood Pharmaceutical Co. Inc; Florence, Ky.), ORAMORPH® SR and ROXICODONE® (both available from Roxanne Laboratories; Columbus Ohio) and STADOL® (Bristol-Myers Squibb; New York, N.Y.).

Suitable dosages for VR1 modulator within such combination therapy are generally as described above. Dosages and methods of administration of other pain relief medications can be found, for example, in the manufacturer's instructions in the Physician's Desk Reference. In certain embodiments, the combination administration of a VR1 modulator with one or more additional pain medications results in a reduction of the dosage of each therapeutic agent required to produce a therapeutic effect (e.g., the dosage or one or both agent may less than ¾, less than ½, less than ¼ or less than 10% of the maximum dose listed above or advised by the manufacturer). In certain preferred embodiments, the combination administration of a VR1 modulator with one or more additional pain relief medications is accomplished by packaging one or more VR1 modulators and one or more additional pain relief medications in the same package, as described above.

Modulators that are VR1 agonists may further be used, for example, in crowd control (as a substitute for tear gas) or personal protection (e.g., in a spray formulation) or as pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of pain, itch or urinary incontinence via capsaicin receptor desensitization. In general, compounds for use in crowd control or personal protection are formulated and used according to conventional tear gas or pepper spray technology.

Within separate aspects, the present invention provides a variety of non-pharmaceutical in vitro and in vivo uses for the compounds provided herein. For example, such compounds may be labeled and used as probes for the detection and localization of capsaicin receptor (in samples such as cell preparations or tissue sections, preparations or fractions thereof). Compounds may also be used as positive controls in assays for receptor activity, as standards for determining the ability of a candidate agent to bind to capsaicin receptor, or as radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging or for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). Such methods can be used to characterize capsaicin receptors in living subjects. For example, a VR1 modulator may be labeled using any of a variety of well known techniques (e.g., radiolabeled with a radionuclide such as tritium, as described herein), and incubated with a sample for a suitable incubation time (e.g., determined by first assaying a time course of binding). Following incubation, unbound compound is removed (e.g., by washing), and bound compound detected using any method suitable for the label employed (e.g., autoradiography or scintillation counting for radiolabeled compounds; spectroscopic methods may be used to detect luminescent groups and fluorescent groups). As a control, a matched sample containing labeled compound and a greater (e.g., 10-fold greater) amount of unlabeled compound may be processed in the same manner. A greater amount of detectable label remaining in the test sample than in the control indicates the presence of capsaicin receptor in the sample. Detection assays, including receptor autoradiography (receptor mapping) of capsaicin receptor in cultured cells or tissue samples may be performed as described by Kuhar in sections 8.1.1 to 8.1.9 of Current Protocols in Pharmacology (1998) John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Modulators provided herein may also be used within a variety of well known cell separation methods. For example, modulators may be linked to the interior surface of a tissue culture plate or other support, for use as affinity ligands for immobilizing and thereby isolating, capsaicin receptors (e.g., isolating receptor-expressing cells) in vitro. Within one preferred embodiment, a modulator linked to a fluorescent marker, such as fluorescein, is contacted with the cells, which are then analyzed (or isolated) by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

The following Examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. Unless otherwise specified all reagents and solvent are of standard commercial grade and are used without further purification. Using routine modifications, the starting materials may be varied and additional steps employed to produce other compounds provided herein.

EXAMPLES

The following abbreviations appear herein:

-   -   Bn benzyl     -   DCM dichloromethane     -   DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate     -   DME ethylene glycol dimethyl ether     -   EtOAc ethyl acetate     -   ETOH ethanol     -   Pd(PPh₃)₄ tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0)     -   pTSA para-toluenesulfonic acid mono hydrate     -   TBS tert-(butyldimethylsilyl)     -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid     -   THF tetrahydrofuran

In the following Examples, mass spectroscopy data is Electrospray MS, obtained in positive ion mode with a 15V or 30V cone voltage, using a Micromass Time-of-Flight LCT, equipped with a Waters 600 pump, Waters 996 photodiode array detector, Gilson 215 autosampler, and a Gilson 841 microinjector. MassLynx (Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc; Toronto, Canada) version 4.0 software was used for data collection and analysis. Sample volume of 1 microliter was injected onto a 50×4.6mm Chromolith SpeedROD C18 column, and eluted using a 2-phase linear gradient at 6 ml/min flow rate. Sample was detected using total absorbance count over the 220-340 nm UV range. The elution conditions were: Mobile Phase A-95/5/0.05 Water/Methanol/TFA; Mobile Phase B-5/95/0.025 Water/Methanol/TFA. Gradient: Time(min) % B 0 10 0.5 100 1.2 100 1.21 10

The total run time was 2 minutes inject to inject.

Example 1 Preparation of Representative Compounds

This Example illustrates the preparation of representative acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues.

A. 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-pheylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid 1. 2-p-tolyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine

To a de-gassed mixture of 2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-pyridine (70.1 mmol), p-tolylboronic acid (70.6 mmol), and 2M Na₂CO₃ (175.0 mmol) in DME (200 mL) under nitrogen, add Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.8 mmol). Stir the mixture at 80° C. overnight, concentrate, and extract with EtOAc. Dry over Na₂SO₄, concentrate under vacuum, and pass through a silica gel pad to give 2-p-tolyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine.

2. 2-(4-methyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-pyridine

To a solution of 2-p-tolyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (8.4 mmol) in H₂SO₄ (6 mL) cautiously add fuming HNO₃ (2 ml). Stir the mixture for 60 minutes at room temperature. Pour the mixture onto ice-water (30 mL), extract with EtOAc, neutralize with 1 N NaOH, dry over Na₂SO₄, and concentrate under vacuum to obtain 2-(4-methyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-pyridine.

3. 2-nitro-4-(3-trifluoromnethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid

To a solution of 2-(4-methyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-pyridine (7.1 mmol) in a mixture of pyridine (10 mL) and water (5 ml) add KMnO₄ (25.3 mmol) portionwise. Stir the mixture for 4 hours at 110° C. then add another 25.3 mmol of KMnO₄ with 10 ml of water. Stir the mixture at 110° C. overnight. Cool to room temperature, and filter through celite pad. Concentrate the filtrate under vacuum, dilute with water, and wash the aqueous solution with EtOAc. Neutralize the aqueous solution with 2 N HCl and collect the precipitate to give 2-nitro-4(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid.

4. 2-nitro-4-(3-trifluoroniethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide

Reflux a mixture of 2-amino-4(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid (25 g) with SOCl₂ (50 ml) for 4 hours and concentrate. Dissolve the residue in DCM, cool with ice-water bath pass NH₃ gas through the solution for 30 minutes, and stir for 15 minutes at room temperature. Concentrate and wash with water to give 2-nitro-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide.

5. 2-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyidin-2-yl)-benzamide

Hydrogenate 2-nitro-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide (1.0 g, 0.0032 mol) with 50 psi of H₂ and 100 mg of 10% Pd/C in ethanol. After 16 hours, filter the mixture through celite and concentrate under reduced pressure to give 2-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide as a solid.

6. 3-[4-hydroxy-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 2-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide (0.5 mmol) and pyridine (0.55 mmol) in THF (5 ml), add 3-chlorocarbonyl-propionic acid ethyl ester chloride (0.55 mmol). Stir the mixture for 20 minutes at room temperature, add 20 ml of 21% NaOEt in EtOH, and stir for 30 minutes at 50° C. Concentrate, add water, filter, acidify to pH 6, and collect the precipitate to give 3-[4-hydroxy-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester.

7. 3-[4-chloro-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl-propionicacid ethyl ester

Reflux a mixture of 2-chloromethyl-3-[4-hydroxy-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (600 mg, 1.6 mmol), POCl₃ (445 μl, 4.77 mmol), and 2,6-lutidine (596 μl, 4.77 mmol) in CHCl₃ (20 ml) for 60 hours. Cool the mixture and concentrate under reduced pressure. Partition the residue between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution. Wash the EtOAc portion with additional NaHCO₃ and then dry (Na₂SO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Filter the brown residue through 2 inches of silica gel (1:1 EtOAc/hexanes eluent) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give 3-[4-chloro-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester.

8. 3-[4-(4-trifluoroethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester

Heat a mixture of 3-[4-chloro-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (300 mg,. 0.732 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl-aniline (118 mg, 0.732 mmol) in CH₃CN (5 mL) at 80° C. for 4 hours. Cool the mixture and wash the precipitate with CH₃CN followed by ether to give 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester as the mono-HCl salt.

9. 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoro-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid

To a mixture of 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoro-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.5 mmol) in THF (20 ml) and H₂O (20 ml), add LiOH (1.5 mmol). Stir the mixture for 2 hours at 60° C. Concentrate, add water, extract with ether, acidify the aqueous layer to pH 4-5, extract with EtOAc, and concentrate to give 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoro-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid.

B. Phosphoric acid mono-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]ester 1. 2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one

Heat a solution of 2-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide (100 mg, 0.356 mmol) in 2-chloro-1,1,1-trimethoxyethane (bp 138° C.) at 130° C. for 4 hours. Concentrate the mixture under reduced pressure to give 2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one as an oil which crystallizes on standing.

Reflux a mixture of 2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one and POCl₃ for 16 hours. Cool the mixture and concentrate under reduced pressure. Partition the residue between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution. Wash the EtOAc portion with additional NaHCO₃ and then dry (Na₂SO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Filter the brown residue through 2 inches of silica gel (1:1 EtOAc/hexanes eluent) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give 4-chloro-2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazoline.

3. [2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-(4-t-butylphenyl)-amine

Heat a mixture of 4-chloro-2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazoline (42 mg, 0.117 mmol) and 4-tert-butyl-aniline (17 mg, 0.117 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (1 mL) at 75° C. for 4 hours. Cool the mixture and wash the precipitate with isopropyl alcohol followed by ether to give [2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-amine as the mono-HCl salt.

4. Phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl ester

Heat a solution of [2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-(4-t-butyl-phenyl)-amine (417 mg, 0.89 mmol), Ag₂O (308 mg, 1.33 mmol), and dibenzylphosphate (370 mg, 1.33 mmol) in acetonitrile at 70° C. for 18 hours. Dilute with additional acetonitrile and filter the hot solution through celite. Concentrate under reduced pressure to give a foam. Crystallize the crude product by dissolving in ether and slowly adding hexanes. Cool the resulting mixture on ice and collect the resulting solid via filtration to afford pure product.

5. Phosphoric acid mono-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]ester

Dissolve phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl ester (225 mg, 0.316 mmol) in methanol and add 10% palladium on carbon (218 mg). Stir the solution for 2 hours under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Filter the solution through celite and wash through with additional methanol. Concentrate under reduced pressure and triturate with ether to yield the desired product as a yellow solid.

C. (S)-1-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 1. (S)-1-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Heat a solution of [2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-(4-t-butyl-phenyl)-amine mono-HCl salt (150 mg, 0.296 mmol), (S)-pyrrolidine methyl ester HCl salt (98 mg, 0.59 mmol), and TEA (206 μl, 1.48 mmol) in DMA (5 ml) at 80° C. for 3 hours. Cool to room temperature, partition the residue between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution. Wash the EtOAc portion with additional NaHCO₃ and then dry (Na₂SO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by preparative TLC (10% MeOH-DCM) to give (S)-1-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester.

2. (S)-1-[4(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

To a mixture of (S)-1-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (140 mg, 0.248 mmol) in THF (20 ml) and H₂O (20 ml), add LiOH (18 mg, 0.745 mmol). Stir the mixture for 2 hours at 50° C. Concentrate, add water, extract with ether, acidify the aqueous layer to pH 6-7, extract with EtOAc, and concentrate to give (S)-1-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

D. 1-(2-{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 1. tert-Butyl-[2-(2-tert-butyl-5-nitro-phenoxy)-ethoxy]-dimethylsilane

To a solution of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (2.02 g, 10 mmol) and triphenyl phosphine (2.63 g, 10 mmol) in THF (100 ml) at 0° C. add 2-tert-butyl-5-nitrophenol (1.95 g, 20 mmol) and then tert-(butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethanol (1.76 g, 10 mmol). Allow the reaction mixture to return to room temperature and stir overnight. Partition the residue between ethyl acetate and IM sodium hydroxide and extract with further ethyl acetate. Dry the combined extracts (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (95% hexane/5% ether) to give the title compound.

2. 4-tert-Butyl-3-[2-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-ethoxy]-phenylamine

To a solution of tert-butyl-[2-(2-tert-butyl-5-nitro-phenoxy)-ethoxy]-dimethylsilane (353 mg, 1.0 mmol) and calcium chloride (131 mg, 1.16 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) and water (1 mL) add iron powder (660 mg, 11 mmol). Heat the solution at reflux for 2 hours, cool and filter through Celite. Concentrate under reduced pressure, re-dissolve in ethyl acetate and wash with brine (200 mL). Concentrate under reduced pressure to give the title compound.

3. {4-tert-Butyl-3-[2-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-amine

Stir 4-chloro-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ol (1.85 g, 6 mmol) and 4-tert-butyl-3-[2-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-ethoxy]-phenylamine (1.94 g, 6 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) at 80° C. for 4 hours. Cool the mixture and collect the precipitate. Partition the residue between ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate solution and extract with further ethyl acetate. Dry the combined extracts (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the title compound.

4. 2-{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoroniethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethanol

Mix {4-tert-butyl-3-[2-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-amine (25 mg) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (3 mg) in THF:water (5 ml, 4:1) and heat at reflux for 24 hours. Partition the residue between ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate solution and extract with further ethyl acetate. Dry the combined extracts (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate) to give the title compound.

5. 1-(2-{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Mix 2-(2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethanol (24 mg, 0.05 mmol) and triethyl amine (6 mg, 0.06 mmol) in dichloromethane 1 ml and add methanesulfonyl chloride (6 mg, 0.05 mmol). Stir the solution at room temperature for 1 hour and evaporate to dryness. Re-dissolve the residue in acetonitrile (2 ml), transfer to a sealed tube, add potassium carbonate (13 mg, 0.1 mmol) and L-proline methyl ester (13 mg, 0.1 mmol) and heat the mixture at 80° C. for 8 hours. Partition the residue between ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate solution and extract with further ethyl acetate. Dry the combined extracts (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate) to give the title compound.

6. 1-(2-{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy)-ethyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of 1-(2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (59 mg, 0.1 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) add sodium hydroxide (12 mg, 0.3 mmol). Stir the mixture for 12 hours and evaporate to dryness. Add water (2 ml) and 1M hydrochloric acid (until pH=7.0) and extract with ethyl acetate. Wash the combined extracts with brine, dry (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the title compound. MS 580 (M+1).

E. Phosphoric acid mono-(2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl ester 1. Phosphoric acid2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl ester dibenzyl ester

Mix 2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethanol (240 mg, 0.5 mmol) and triethyl amine (60 mg, 0.6 mmol) in dichloromethane 10 ml and add methanesulfonyl chloride (60 mg, 0.5 mmol). Stir the solution at room temperature for 1 hour and evaporate to dryness. Re-dissolve the residue in acetonitrile, add dibenzyl phosphate (278 mg, 1.0 mmol) and silver oxide (231 mg, 1.0 mmol) and heat at 70° C. for 24 hours. Filter the mixture through a plug of Celite and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Partition the residue between ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate solution and extract with further ethyl acetate. Dry the combined extracts (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the title compound.

2. Phosphoric acid mono-(2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl) ester

Hydrogenate a mixture of phosphoric acid 2-{2-tert-butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}-ethyl ester dibenzyl ester (65 mg) and 10% Pd/C (60 mg) in methanol under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 hours. Filter the mixture through Celite and evaporate to dryness to give the title compound. MS 563 (M+1).

F. [4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid 1. [4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester

To a solution of diethyl phosphite (315 mg, 0.76 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at room temperature add sodium hydride (100 mg, 60% suspension in mineral spirits) and let the mixture stir under nitrogen for 10 minutes. Add a solution of (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-[2-chloromethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl]-amine (300 mg, 0.636 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) and let stir at 60° C. for 16 hours. Let cool to room temperature and carefully add water (10 mL). Extract 3× with EtOAc (10 mL each), dry (Na₂SO₄), and evaporate. Purify by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20:1:0.1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to obtain [4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester as a yellow solid.

2. [4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid

Dissolve [4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester (40 mg) in acetonitrile (5 mL) and add 120 mg of trimethylsilyl bromide (120 mg). Let stir at room temperature for 16 hours. Evaporate the solution to a dark solid. Triturate with hexanes to obtain a tan solid.

G. [4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid monoethyl ester

Heat a mixture of [4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester (100 mg) in 2M NaOH (10 mL), and EtOH (20 mL) for 3 hours. Evaporate off the EtOH, and drip in 3N HCl until a neutral pH is obtained. Collect and let dry completely.

Example 2 Preparation of Representative Compounds

This Example illustrates the preparation of additional representative acid-substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues.

A. 6-Amino-3′-chloro-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid amide 1. 2-Acetyl-3-chloropyridine

Dissolve 3-chloro-2-cyanopyridine (10.0 g, 0.072 mol; see Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1985) 33:565-571) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and cool in an ice bath. Add dropwise 3.0 M MeMgI in diethyl ether (48 ml, 0.14 mol) to the reaction mixture and stir in an ice bath for 2 hours. Pour the reaction mixture over ice cold water, acidify the mixture with 2.0 N aq. HCl to pH 2 to 3. Extract the reaction mixture with EtOAc (3×100 mL) and dry over anhydrous MgSO₄. Filter, concentrate under vacuum and then filter through a pad of silica gel using 20% ethyl acetate/hexane as eluent. Removal of solvent under reduced pressure gives pure 2-acetyl-3-chloropyridine as an oil.

2. 1-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-3-dimethylaminopropenone

Heat 2-acetyl-3-chloropyridine (0.77 g, 5.0 mmol) with N,N-dimethylformamide dimetylacetal (3.0 g) at 105° C. for 20 hours. Concentrate under reduced pressure to give 1-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-3-dimethylaminopropenone as oil.

3. 2-Amino-4-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-benzonitrile

Heat a solution of 1-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-3-dimethylaminopropenone (1.05 g, 5 mmol), 3-amino-3-methoxy-acrylonitrile hydrochloride (1.35 g, 10 mmol) and ammonium acetate (2.2 g, 15.0 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL) at reflux for 20 hours. Cool the mixture and concentrate under reduced pressure to give dark oil. Dissolve the residue in EtOAc/water (100 mL). Extract the aq. solution with EtOAc, wash the EtOAc with brine, dry (MgSO₄) and concentrate under reduced pressure to give 2-amino-4-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-benzonitrile as a brown solid.

4. 6-Amino-3′-chloro-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid amide

Cool concentrated sulfuric acid (10 mL) in an ice bath under nitrogen atmosphere. Add in portions 2-amino-4-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-benzonitrile (1.0 g, 4.3 mmol) over a period of 15 minutes. Stir at room temperature overnight. Pour the reaction mixture over ice, adjust the pH to 10 using 10 N aq. NaOH, filter the solid, wash the solid with water and dry under vacuum to give 6-amino-3′-chloro-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid amide as a yellow solid. This compound is used as the starting material in the synthesis of a variety of acid substituted quinazolin-4ylamine analogues provided herein.

B. 4-(4t-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 1. 4-Hydroxy-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Dissolve 6-amino-3′-methyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid amide (1.00 g, 4.38 mmol, prepared in a manner analogous to that described above for the preparation of 6-amino-3′-chloro-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid amide) in diethyl oxalate (24 mL) and heat the mixture at 160° C. for 8 hours or until all starting material is gone as indicated by TLC. Pour the hot mixture onto ice and extract with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Chromatograph the crude product on silica gel eluting first with CH₂Cl₂ followed by CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (95:5) to yield the title compound. MS 311.12 (M+1).

2. 4-Chloro-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Dissolve 4-hydroxy-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (345 mg, 1.11 mmol) in thionyl chloride (15 mL) and heat the mixture at reflux overnight. Cool the mixture to room temperature and remove the excess thionyl chloride in vacuo. Dissolve the crude reaction mixture in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and wash with saturated NaHCO₃ (aq). Dry the organic layer over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound. MS 329.12 (M+1)

3. 4-(4-t-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-y)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride

Dissolve 4-chloro-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (358 mg, 1.09 mmol) in a solution of 4-t-butylaniline (198 mg, 1.33 mmol) and acetonitrile (3 mL). Stir the mixture for 3 hours at room temperature. Filter off the yellow precipitate and dry in a vacuum oven to yield the title compound. MS 442.24 (M+1).

4. 4-(4-t-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Dissolve 4-(4-t-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (25 mg, 0.57 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (8 mg, 0.17 mmol) in a solution of THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (0.2 mL). Stir the mixture overnight at room temperature. Add water 10 mL and acidify with 3 N HCl. Extract the mixture with EtOAc (3×10 mL). Wash the combined organic extracts with brine and dry over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound. MS 414.18 (M+1).

C. 2-Methoxymethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid 1. 6-Amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid

Dissolve 6-amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile (2.33 g, 8.82 mmol, prepared as described in WO 03/062209) in 12M HCl (50 mL) and heat at 110° C. overnight. Remove the aqueous acid under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as its hydrochloride salt.

2. 6-Amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylicacid2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester

Dissolve 6-Amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (11.33 g, 35.44 mmol), N-hydroxy-succinimide (8.15 g, 70.9 mmol), and EDCI (10.19 g, 53.16 mmol) in a solution of dry THF (100 mL) and Hunig's base (16.12 g, 125 mmol). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Add ethyl acetate (200 mL) was and extract the organic phase with water (3×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). Dry the organic extract over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a brown foam.

3. 4-Hydroxy-2-methoxymethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Add a solution of 6-amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carboxylic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester (10.4 g, 27.3 mmol) in 50 mL dry THF in one portion to a mixture of potassium t-butoxide (7.36 g, 65.6 mmol) and methyl 4-methoxy-aceoacetate (8.77 g, 60.7 mmol) in dry THF (100 mL). Stir the reaction overnight at room temperature. Add water (30 mL) and concentrate the solution (˜30 mL). Extract the resulting mixture with ether (2×50 mL). Acidify the aqueous portion with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extract with CH₂Cl₂ (4×100 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a light brown oil that solidifies upon standing.

4. 4-Chloro-2-methoxymethyl-7-(3-trifluordmethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Dissolve 4-hydroxy-2-methoxymethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (475 mg, 1.21 mmol) in chloroform (25 mL). Add 2,6-lutidine (0.544 mL, 4.84 mmol) and POCl₃ (0.451 mL, 4.84 mmol) to the solution. Heat the mixture at reflux overnight. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and dissolve the resulting residue in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ (aq) (50 mL). Remove the organic layer and dry it over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound. MS 412.12 (M+1).

5. 2-Methoxymethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Dissolve 4-chloro-2-methoxymethyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.57 g, 1.4 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl aniline (234 mg, 1.53 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL). Stir overnight at room temperature. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and dissolve the crude product in EtOAc (25 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ (aq) (25 mL). Remove the organic layer and dry over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and chromatograph the crude mixture on silica gel eluting with hexane/acetone (2:1) to yield the title compound. MS 537.18 (M+1).

6. 2-Methoxymethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid

Dissolve 2-methoxymethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,8]napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (150 mg, 0.279 mmol) in a solution of MeOH (6 mL), H₂O (2 mL), and LiOH.H₂O (58.6 mg, 1.40 mmol). Stir the mixture overnight at room temperature. Add water (30 mL) and acidify the mixture with 3 N HCl. Extract with CH₂Cl₂ (2×40 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and chromatograph the crude product on silica gel eluting with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/AcOH (95:5:1) to yield the title compound. MS 523.18 (M+1).

D. 5-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,6]napthyridine-7-carboxylic acid 1. 6-Chloro-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile

Dissolve 6-amino-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol) in 12 N HCl (20 mL) and cool to 0° C. Add NaNO₂ (731 mg, 10.6 mmol) in portions over the course of 15 minutes. Allow the mixture to stir for 1 hour at 0° C. Add CuCl (2.24 g, 22.7 mmol), allow the mixture to warm to room temperature and stir for 1 hour. Pour the mixture onto ice water (100 mL) and extract with EtOAc (3×100 mL);. Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify the crude product by silica gel chromatography eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to yield the title compound. MS 284.04 (M+1).

2. 6-Methyl-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile

In a sealed tube, dissolve 6-chloro-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile (242 mg, 0.853 mmol), CH₃B(OH)₂ (300 mg, 5.10 mmol), K₂CO₃ (1.6 g, 12 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ in a solution of dioxane (10 mL) and H₂O (2 mL). Bubble argon through the mixture for 30 minutes and seal. Heat the mixture at 115° C. overnight. Cool the mixture to room temperature. Add H₂O (20 mL) and extract with EtOAc (3×20 mL). Combine the organic extracts and wash with brine (60 mL). Dry the organic layer over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify the crude product using silica gel chromatography eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to yield the title compound. MS 264.07 (M+1).

3. 3-(5-Cyano-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-6-yl)-2-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester

Dissolve 6-methyl-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-5-carbonitrile (150 mg, 0.570 mmol) and diethyl oxalate (150 mg, 1.03 mmol) in a solution of EtOH (2 mL) and 17% NaOEt in EtOH (0.6 mL, 1.71 mmol). Warm the mixture to 50° C. and stir overnight. Pour the mixture onto ice water (50 mL) and acidify with 3 N HCl. Extract with EtOAc (3×50 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify the crude product using silica gel chromatography eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to yield the title compound. MS 364.11 (M+1).

4. 5-(4Trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,6]napthyridine-7-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Dissolve 3-(5-cyano-3′-trifluoromethyl-[2,2′]bipyridinyl-6-yl)-2-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (70 mg, 0.193 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl aniline (31 mg, 0.193 mmol) in AcOH (1 mL). Heat the mixture at 100° C. for 1.5 hours. Cool the mixture in ice and add H₂O (5 mL). Extract three times with EtOAC (3×10 mL). Combine the organic extracts and wash with 1 N NaOH (30 mL) and brine (30 mL). Dry the organic extract over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify the crude product using silica gel chromatography eluting with hexane/acetone (3:1) to yield the title compound. MS 507.15 (M+1)

5. 5-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-2-(3-trifluoronethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,6]napthyridine-7-carboxylic acid

Dissolve 5-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,6]napthyridine-7-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (50 mg, 0.099 mmol) in a solution of MeOH (4 mL) and 5 N NaOH (2 mL). Stir the mixture for 1 hour at room temperature. Acidify the mixture with 3 N HCl and extract with CH₂Cl₂ (3×25 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound. MS 479.11 (M+1).

Example 3 Additional Representative Acid-Substituted Quinazolin-4-ylamine Analogues

Using routine modifications, the starting materials may be varied and additional steps employed to produce other compounds encompassed by the present invention. Compounds listed in Table II were prepared using the above methods, with readily apparent modifications. In the column labeled K_(i) in Table II, * indicates that the K_(i) determined as described in Example 5, herein, is 1 micromolar or less. TABLE II Representative Acid-Substituted Quinazoline-4-ylamine Analogues Compound Name MS Ki 1.

3-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]- propionic acid 507.20 * 2.

3-[7-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2- yl)-4-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3 - ylamino)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid 3.

[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-ylamino]- acetic acid 508.21 * 4.

4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazoline-2-carboxylic acid 479.28 * 5.

[7-(3-Methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester 531.16 * 6.

Phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 4-(4- tert-butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl ester * 7.

Phosphoric acid mono-[4-(4-tert- butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl] ester 533.20 * 8.

Phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl ester * 9.

Phosphoric acid mono-[4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl] ester 545.08 * 10.

1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid 576.18 * 11.

1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid 576.18 * 12.

(S)-1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 562.16 * 13.

{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino]- phenoxy}-acetic acid 498.37 * 14.

[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethoxy]-acetic acid 523.34 * 15.

1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid 576.45 * 16.

[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester 519.47 * 17.

[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester 573.23 * 18.

[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid monoethyl ester 545.43 * 19.

2-Methyl-2-{4-[2-methyl-7-(3- methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}- propionic acid 414.33 * 20.

(S)-1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine- 2-carboxylic acid 550.50 * 21.

(R)-1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 550.49 * 22.

(S)-1-(2-{2-tert-Butyl-5-[7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-4-ylamino]-phenoxy}- ethyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 580.26 * 23.

7-(3-Methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid * 24.

4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid * 25.

4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid * 26.

(S)-1-[7-(3-Methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-4- (4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl]- pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid * 27.

(S)-1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin- 2-ylmethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid * 28.

(S)-1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl]- pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 551.24 * 29.

(R,S)-1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid 566.50 * 30.

4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid 468.35 * 31.

Phosphoric acid mono-(2-{2-tert- butyl-5-[7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-ylamino]- phenoxy}-ethyl) ester 563.44 * 32.

[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethyl]-phosphonic acid * 33.

(S)-1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl]- pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 551.51 * 34.

(R)-2-[4-(4-tert-Butyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethoxy]-propionic acid 525.23 * 35.

(S)-2-[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)- 7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- quinazolin-2-ylmethoxy]-3-methyl- butyric acid 553.25 * 36.

(R)-2-(4-(4-tert-Butyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2- ylmethoxy]-3-methyl-butyric acid 553.48 * 37.

{[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}- acetic acid 537.37 * 38.

3-{[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}- propionic acid 551.40 * 39.

4-{[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}- butyric acid 565.42 * 40.

1-[4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2- carbonyl]-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid 591.46 * 41.

1-{4-(4-Trifluoromethyl- phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-pyrido[2,3- carbonyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (chiral) 577.44 * 42.

4-[7-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2- isobutoxymethyl-pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino]-benzoic acid 464.23 43.

5-(4-Carboxy-phenylamino)-2-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- [1,6]naphthyridine-7-carboxylic acid 455.17 44.

1-[4-(4-tert-Butyl-phenylamino)-7- (3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]- piperidine-4-carboxylic acid 551.22 * 45.

2-Methoxymethyl-4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)- [1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid 523.23 *

Example 4 VR1-Transfected Cells and Membrane Preparations

This Example illustrates the preparation of VR1-transfected cells and membrane preparations for use in binding assays (Example 5) and functional assays (Example 6).

A cDNA encoding full length human capsaicin receptor (SEQ ID NO:1, 2 or 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,611) was subdloned in the plasmid pBK-CMV (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) for recombinant expression in mammalian cells.

Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells were transfected with the pBK-CMV expression construct encoding the full length human capsaicin receptor using standard methods. The transfected cells were selected for two weeks in media containing G418 (400 μg/ml) to obtain a pool of stably transfected cells. Independent clones were isolated from this pool by limiting dilution to obtain clonal stable cell lines for use in subsequent experiments.

For radioligand binding experiments, cells were seeded in T175 cell culture flasks in media without antibiotics and grown to approximately 90% confluency. The flasks were then washed with PBS and harvested in PBS containing 5 mM EDTA. The cells were pelleted by gentle centrifugation and stored at −80° C. until assayed.

Previously frozen cells were disrupted with the aid of a tissue homogenizer in ice-cold HEPES homogenization buffer (5mM KCl 5, 5.8mM NaCl, 0.75mM CaCl₂, 2mM MgCl₂, 320 mM sucrose, and 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4). Tissue homogenates were first centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000×g (4° C.) to remove the nuclear fraction and debris, and then the supernatant from the first centrifugation is further centrifuged for 30 minutes at 35,000×g (4° C.) to obtain a partially purified membrane fraction. Membranes were resuspended in the HEPES homogenization buffer prior to the assay. An aliquot of this membrane homogenate is used to determine protein concentration via the Bradford method (BIO-RAD Protein Assay Kit, #500-0001, BIO-RAD, Hercules, Calif.).

Example 5 Capsaicin Receptor Binding Assay

This Example illustrates a representative assay of capsaicin receptor binding that may be used to determine the binding affinity of compounds for the capsaicin (VR1) receptor.

Binding studies with [³H] Resiniferatoxin (RTX) are carried out essentially as described by Szallasi and Blumberg (1992) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ter. 262:883-888. In this protocol, non-specific RTX binding is reduced by adding bovine alpha₁ acid glycoprotein (100 μg per tube) after the binding reaction has been terminated.

[³H] RTX (37 Ci/mmol) is synthesized by and obtained from the Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Md. [³H] RTX may also be obtained from commercial vendors (e.g., Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.; Piscataway, N.J.).

The membrane homogenate of Example 4 is centrifuged as before and resuspended to a protein concentration of 333 μg/ml in homogenization buffer. Binding assay mixtures are set up on ice and contain [³H]RTX (specific activity 2200 mCi/ml), 2 μl non-radioactive test compound, 0.25 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (Cohn fraction V), and 5×10⁴-1×10⁵ VR1-transfected cells. The final volume is adjusted to 500 μl (for competition binding assays) or 1,000 μl (for saturation binding assays) with the ice-cold HEPES homogenization buffer solution (pH 7.4) described above. Non-specific binding is defined as that occurring in the presence of 1 μM non-radioactive RTX (Alexis Corp.; San Diego, Calif.). For saturation binding, ³H]RTX is added in the concentration range of 7-1,000 pM, using 1 to 2 dilutions. Typically 11 concentration points are collected per saturation binding curve.

Competition binding assays are performed in the presence of 60 pM [³H]RTX and various concentrations of test compound. The binding reactions are initiated by transferring the assay mixtures into a 37° C. water bath and are terminated following a 60 minute incubation period by cooling the tubes on ice. Membrane-bound RTX is separated from free, as well as any alpha₁-acid glycoprotein-bound RTX, by filtration onto WALLAC glass fiber filters (PERKIN-ELMER, Gaithersburg, Md.) which were pre-soaked with 1.0% PEI (polyethyleneimine) for 2 hours prior to use. Filters are allowed to dry overnight then counted in a WALLAC 1205 BETA PLATE counter after addition of WALLAC BETA SCINT scintillation fluid.

Equilibrium binding parameters are determined by fitting the allosteric Hill equation to the measured values with the aid of the computer program FIT P (Biosofi, Ferguson, Mo.) as described by Szallasi, et al. (1993) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266:678-683. Compounds provided herein generally exhibit K_(i) values for capsaicin receptor of less than 1 μM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 25 nM, 10 nM, or 1 nM in this assay.

Example 6 Calcium Mobilization Assay

This Example illustrates representative calcium mobilization assays for use in evaluating test compounds for agonist and antagonist activity.

Cells transfected with expression plasmids (as described in Example 4) and thereby expressing human capsaicin receptor are seeded and grown to 70-90% confluency in FALCON black-walled, clear-bottomed 96-well plates (#3904, BECTON-DICKINSON, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). The culture medium is emptied from the 96 well plates and FLUO-3 AM calcium sensitive dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) is added to each well (dye solution: 1 mg FLUO-3 AM, 440 μL DMSO and 440 μl 20% pluronic acid in DMSO, diluted 1:250 in Krebs-Ringer HEPES (KRH) buffer (25 mM HEPES, 5 mM KCl, 0.96 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM glucose, 1 mM probenecid, pH 7.4), 50 μl diluted solution per well). Plates are covered with aluminum foil and incubated at 37° C. for 1-2 hours in an environment containing 5% CO₂. After the incubation, the dye is emptied from the plates, and the cells are washed once with KRH buffer, and resuspended in KRH buffer.

Determination Capsaicin EC₅₀

To measure the ability of a test compound to agonize or antagonize a calcium mobilization response in cells expressing capsaicin receptors to capsaicin or other vanilloid agonist, the EC₅₀ of the agonist capsaicin is first determined. An additional 20 μl of KRH buffer and 1 μl DMSO is added to each well of cells, prepared as described above. 100 μl capsaicin in KRH buffer is automatically transferred by the FLIPR instrument to each well. Capsaicin-induced calcium mobilization is monitored using either FLUOROSKAN ASCENT (Labsystems; Franklin, Mass.) or FLIPR (fluorometric imaging plate reader system; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) instruments. Data obtained between 30 and 60 seconds after agonist application are used to generate an 8-point concentration response curve, with final capsaicin concentrations of 1 nM to 3 μM. KALEIDAGRAPH software (Synergy Software, Reading, Pa.) is used to fit the data to the equation: y=a*(1/(1+(b/x)^(c))) to determine the 50% excitatory concentration (EC₅₀) for the response. In this equation, y is the maximum fluorescence signal, x is the concentration of the agonist or antagonist (in this case, capsaicin), a is the E_(max), b corresponds to the EC₅₀ value and c is the Hill coefficient. Determination of Agonist Activity

Test compounds are dissolved in DMSO, diluted in KRH buffer, and immediately added to cells prepared as described above. 100 nM capsaicin (an approximate EC₉₀ concentration) is also added to cells in the same 96-well plate as a positive control. The final concentration of test compounds in the assay wells is between 0.1 nM and 5 μM.

The ability of a test compound to act as an agonist of the capsaicin receptor is determined by measuring the fluorescence response of cells expressing capsaicin receptors elicited by the compound as function of compound concentration. This data is fit as described above to obtain the EC₅₀, which is generally less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 100 nM, and more preferably less than 10 nM. The extent of efficacy of each test compound is also determined by calculating the response elicited by a concentration of test compound (typically 1 μM) relative to the response elicited by 100 nM capsaicin. This value, called Percent of Signal (POS), is calculated by the following equation: POS=100*test compound response /100 nM capsaicin response

This analysis provides quantitative assessment of both the potency and efficacy of test compounds as human capsaicin receptor agonists. Agonists of the human capsaicin receptor generally elicit detectable responses at concentrations less than 100 μM, or preferably at concentrations less than 1 μM, or most preferably at concentrations less than 10 nM. Extent of efficacy at human capsaicin receptor is preferably greater than 30 POS, more preferably greater than 80 POS at a concentration of 1 μM. Certain agonists are essentially free of antagonist activity as demonstrated by the absence of detectable antagonist activity in the assay described below at compound concentrations below 4 nM, more preferably at concentrations below 10 μM and most preferably at concentrations less than or equal to 100 μM.

Determination of Antagonist Activity

Test compounds are dissolved in DMSO, diluted in 20 μl KRH buffer so that the final concentration of test compounds in the assay well is between 1 μM and 5 μM, and added to cells prepared as described above. The 96 well plates containing prepared cells and test compounds are incubated in the dark, at room temperature for 0.5 to 6 hours. It is important that the incubation not continue beyond 6 hours. Just prior to determining the fluorescence response, 100 μl capsaicin in KRH buffer at twice the EC₅₀ concentration determined as described above is automatically added by the FLIPR instrument to each well of the 96 well plate for a final sample volume of 200 μl and a final capsaicin concentration equal to the EC₅₀. The final concentration of test compounds in the assay wells is between 1 μM and 5 μM. Antagonists of the capsaicin receptor decrease this response by at least about 20%, preferably by at least about 50%, and most preferably by at least 80%, as compared to matched control (i.e., cells treated with capsaicin at twice the EC₅₀ concentration in the absence of test compound), at a concentration of 10 micromolar or less, preferably 1 micromolar or less. The concentration of antagonist required to provide a 50% decrease, relative to the response observed in the presence of capsaicin and without antagonist, is the IC₅₀ for the antagonist, and is preferably below 1 micromolar, 100 nanomolar, 10 nanomolar or 1 nanomolar.

Certain preferred VR1 modulators are antagonists that are essentially free of agonist activity as demonstrated by the absence of detectable agonist activity in the assay described above at compound concentrations below 4 nM, more preferably at concentrations below 10 μM and most preferably at concentrations less than or equal to 100 μM.

Example 7 Microsomal in vitro Half-Life

This Example illustrates the evaluation of compound half-life values (t_(1/2) values) using a representative liver microsomal half-life assay.

Pooled human liver microsomes are obtained from XenoTech LLC (Kansas City, Kans.). Such liver microsomes may also be obtained from In Vitro Technologies (Baltimore, Md.) or Tissue Transformation Technologies (Edison, N.J.). Six test reactions are prepared, each containing 25 μl microsomes, 5 μl of a 100 μM solution of test compound, and 399 μl 0.1 M phosphate buffer (19 mL 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, 81 mL 0.1 M Na₂HPO₄, adjusted to pH 7.4 with H₃PO₄). A seventh reaction is prepared as a positive control containing 25 μl microsomes, 399 μl 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and 5 μl of a 100 μM solution of a compound with known metabolic properties (e.g., DIAZEPAM or CLOZAPINE). Reactions are preincubated at 39° C. for 10 minutes.

CoFactor Mixture is prepared by diluting 16.2 mg NADP and 45.4 mg Glucose-6-phosphate in 4 mL 100 mM MgCl₂. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase solution is prepared by diluting 214.3 μl glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase suspension (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) into 1285.7 μl distilled water. 71 μl Starting Reaction Mixture (3 mL CoFactor Mixture; 1.2 mL Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase solution) is added to 5 of the 6 test reactions and to the positive control. 71 μl 100 mM MgCl₂ is added to the sixth test reaction, which is used as a negative control. At each time point (0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes), 75 μl of each reaction mix is pipetted into a well of a 96-well deep-well plate containing 75 μl ice-cold acetonitrile. Samples are vortexed and centrifuged 10 minutes at 3500 rpm (Sorval T 6000D centrifuge, H1000B rotor). 75 μl of supernatant from each reaction is transferred to a well of a 96-well plate containing 150 μl of a 0.5 μM solution of a compound with a known LCMS profile (internal standard) per well. LCMS analysis of each sample is carried out and the amount of unmetabolized test compound is measured as AUC, compound concentration vs. time is plotted, and the t_(1/2) value of the test compound is extrapolated.

Preferred compounds provided herein exhibit in vitro t_(1/2) values of greater than 10 minutes and less than 4 hours, preferably between 30 minutes and 1 hour, in human liver microsomes.

Example 8 MDCK Toxicity Assay

This Example illustrates the evaluation of compound toxicity using a Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell cytotoxicity assay.

1 μL of test compound is added to each well of a clear bottom 96-well plate (PACKARD, Meriden, Conn.) to give final concentration of compound in the assay of 10 micromolar, 100 micromolar or 200 micromolar. Solvent without test compound is added to control wells.

MDCK cells, ATCC no. CCL-34 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.), are maintained in sterile conditions following the instructions in the ATCC production information sheet. Confluent MDCK cells are trypsinized, harvested, and diluted to a concentration of 0.1×10⁶ cells/ml with warm (37° C.) medium (VITACELL Minimum Essential Medium Eagle, ATCC catalog #30-2003). 100 μL of diluted cells is added to each well, except for five standard curve control wells that contain 100 μL of warm medium without cells. The plate is then incubated at 37° C. under 95% O₂, 5% CO₂ for 2 hours with constant shaking. After incubation, 50 μL of mammalian cell lysis solution (from the PACKARD (Meriden, Conn.) ATP-LITE-M Luminescent ATP detection kit) is added per well, the wells are covered with PACKARD TOPSEAL stickers, and plates are shaken at approximately 700 rpm on a suitable shaker for 2 minutes.

Compounds causing toxicity will decrease ATP production, relative to untreated cells. The ATP-LITE-M Luminescent ATP detection kit is generally used according to the manufacturer's instructions to measure ATP production in treated and untreated MDCK cells. PACKARD ATP LITE-M reagents are allowed to equilibrate to room temperature. Once equilibrated, the lyophilized substrate solution is reconstituted in 5.5 mL of substrate buffer solution (from kit). Lyophilized ATP standard solution is reconstituted in deionized water to give a 10 mM stock. For the five control wells, 10 μL of serially diluted PACKARD standard is added to each of the standard curve control wells to yield a final concentration in each subsequent well of 200 nM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 25 nM and 12.5 nM. PACKARD substrate solution (50 μL) is added to all wells, which are then covered, and the plates are shaken at approximately 700 rpm on a suitable shaker for 2 minutes. A white PACKARD sticker is attached to the bottom of each plate and samples are dark adapted by wrapping plates in foil and placing in the dark for 10 minutes. Luminescence is then measured at 22° C. using a luminescence counter (e.g., PACKARD TOPCOUNT Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter or TECAN SPECTRAFLUOR PLUS), and ATP levels calculated from the standard curve. ATP levels in cells treated with test compound(s) are compared to the levels determined for untreated cells. Cells treated with 10 μM of a preferred test compound exhibit ATP levels that are at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of the untreated cells. When a 100 μM concentration of the test compound is used, cells treated with preferred test compounds exhibit ATP levels that are at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, of the ATP levels detected in untreated cells.

Example 9 Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Assay

This Example illustrates a representative dorsal root ganglian cell assay for evaluating VR1 antagonist or agonist activity of a compound.

DRG are dissected from neonatal rats, dissociated and cultured using standard methods (Aguayo and White (1992) Brain Research 570:61-67). After 48 hour incubation, cells are washed once and incubated for 30-60 minutes with the calcium sensitive dye Fluo 4 AM (2.5-10 ug/ml; TefLabs, Austin, Tex.). Cells are then washed once. Addition of capsaicin to the cells results in a VR1-dependent increase in intracellular calcium levels which is monitored by a change in Fluo-4 fluorescence with a fluorometer. Data are collected for 60-180 seconds to determine the maximum fluorescent signal.

For antagonist assays, various concentrations of compound are added to the cells. Fluorescent signal is then plotted as a function of compound concentration to identify the concentration required to achieve a 50% inhibition of the capsaicin-activated response, or IC₅₀. Antagonists of the capsaicin receptor preferably have an IC₅₀ below 1 micromolar, 100 nanomolar, 10 nanomolar or 1 nanomolar.

For agonist assays, various concentrations of compound are added to the cells without the addition of capsaicin. Compounds that are capsaicin receptor agonists result in a VR1-dependent increase in intracellular calcium levels which is monitored by a change in Fluo-4 fluorescence with a fluorometer. The EC₅₀, or concentration required to achieve 50% of the maximum signal for a capsaicin-activated response, is preferably below 1 micromolar, below 100 nanomolar or below 10 nanomolar.

Example 10 Animal Models for Determining Pain Relief

This Example illustrates representative methods for assessing the degree of pain relief provided by a compound.

A. Pain Relief Testing

The following methods may be used to assess pain relief.

Mechanical Allodynia

Mechanical allodynia (an abnormal response to an innocuous stimulus) is assessed essentially as described by Chaplan et al. (1994) J. Neurosci. Methods 53:55-63 and Tal and Eliav (1998) Pain 64(3):511-518. A series of von Frey filaments of varying rigidity (typically 8-14 filaments in a series) are applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw with just enough force to bend the filament. The filaments are held in this position for no more than three seconds or until a positive allodynic response is displayed by the rat. A positive allodynic response consists of lifting the affected paw followed immediately by licking or shaking of the paw. The order and frequency with which the individual filaments are applied are determined by using Dixon up-down method. Testing is initiated with the middle hair of the series with subsequent filaments being applied in consecutive fashion, ascending or descending, depending on whether a negative or positive response, respectively, is obtained with the initial filament.

Compounds are effective in reversing or preventing mechanical allodynia-like symptoms if rats treated with such compounds require stimulation with a Von Frey filament of higher rigidity strength to provoke a positive allodynic response as compared to control untreated or vehicle treated rats. Alternatively, or in addition, testing of an animal in chronic pain may be done before and after compound administration. In such an assay, an effective compound results in an increase in the rigidity of the filament needed to induce a response after treatment, as compared to the filament that induces a response before treatment or in an animal that is also in chronic pain but is left untreated or is treated with vehicle. Test compounds are administered before or after onset of pain. When a test compound is administered after pain onset, testing is performed 10 minutes to three hours after administration.

Mechanical Hyperalgesia

Mechanical hyperalgesia (an exaggerated response to painful stimulus) is tested essentially as described by Koch et al. (1996) Analgesia 2(3):157-164. Rats are placed in individual compartments of a cage with a warmed, perforated metal floor. Hind paw withdrawal duration (i.e., the amount of time for which the animal holds its paw up before placing it back on the floor) is measured after a mild pinprick to the plantar surface of either hind paw.

Compounds produce a reduction in mechanical hyperalgesia if there is a statistically significant decrease in the duration of hindpaw withdrawal. Test compound may be administered before or after onset of pain. For compounds administered after pain onset, testing is performed 10 minutes to three hours after administration.

Thermal Hyperagesia

Thermal hyperalgesia (an exaggerated response to noxious thermal stimulus) is measured essentially as described by Hargreaves et al. (1988) Pain. 32(1):77-88. Briefly, a constant radiant heat source is applied the animals' plantar surface of either hind paw. The time to withdrawal (ie., the amount of time that heat is applied before the animal moves its paw), otherwise described as thermal threshold or latency, determines the animal's hind paw sensitivity to heat.

Compounds produce a reduction in thermal hyperalgesia if there is a statistically significant increase in the time to hindpaw withdrawal (i.e., the thermal threshold to response or latency is increased). Test compound may be administered before or after onset of pain. For compounds administered after pain onset, testing is performed 10 minutes to three hours after administration.

B. Pain Models

Pain may be induced using any of the following methods, to allow testing of analgesic efficacy of a compound. In general, compounds provided herein result in a statistically significant reduction in pain as determined by at least one of the previously described testing methods, using male SD rats and at least one of the following models.

Acute Inflammatory Pain Model

Acute inflammatory pain is induced using the carrageenan model essentially as described by Field et al. (1997) Br. J. Pharmacol. 121(8):1513-1522. 100-200 μl of 1-2% carrageenan solution is injected into the rats' hind paw. Three to four hours following injection, the animals' sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli is tested using the methods described above. A test compound (0.01 to 50 mg/kg) is administered to the animal, prior to testing, or prior to injection of carrageenan. The compound can be administered orally or through any parenteral route, or topically on the paw. Compounds that relieve pain in this model result in a statistically significant reduction in mechanical allodynia and/or thermal hyperalgesia.

Chronic Inflammatory Pain Model

Chronic inflammatory pain is induced using one of the following protocols:

-   -   1. Essentially as described by Bertorelli et al. (1999) Br. J.         Pharmacol. 128(6):1252-1258, and Stein et al. (1998) Pharmacol.         Biochem. Behav. 31(2):455-51, 200 μl Complete Freund's Adjuvant         (0.1 mg heat killed and dried M. Tuberculosis) is injected to         the rats' hind paw: 100 μl into the dorsal surface and 100 μl         into the plantar surface.     -   2. Essentially as described by Abbadie et al. (1994) J. Neurosc.         14(10):5865-5871 rats are injected with 150 μl of CFA (1.5 mg)         in the tibio-tarsal joint.

Prior to injection with CFA in either protocol, an individual baseline sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the animals' hind paws is obtained for each experimental animal.

Following injection of CFA, rats are tested for thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia as described above. To verify the development of symptoms, rats are tested on days 5, 6, and 7 following CFA injection. On day 7, animals are treated with a test compound, morphine or vehicle. An oral dose of morphine of 1-5 mg/kg is suitable as positive control. Typically, a dose of 0.01-50 mg/kg of test compound is used. Compounds can be administered as a single bolus prior to testing or once or twice or three times daily, for several days prior to testing. Drugs are administered orally or through any parenteral route, or applied topically to the animal.

Results are expressed as Percent Maximum Potential Efficacy (MPE). 0% MPE is defined as analgesic effect of vehicle, 100% MPE is defined as an animal's return to pre-CFA baseline sensitivity. Compounds that relieve pain in this model result in a MPE of at least 30%.

Chronic Neuropathic Pain Model

Chronic neuropathic pain is induced using the chronic constriction injury (CCD) to the rat's sciatic nerve essentially as described by Bennett and Xie (1988) Pain 33:87-107. Rats are anesthetized (e.g. with an intraperitoneal dose of 50-65 mg/kg pentobarbital with additional doses administered as needed). The, lateral aspect of each hind limb is shaved and disinfected. Using aseptic technique, an incision is made on the lateral aspect of the hind limb at the mid thigh level. The biceps femoris is bluntly dissected and the sciatic nerve is exposed. On one hind limb of each animal, four loosely tied ligatures are made around the sciatic nerve approximately 1-2 mm apart. On the other side the sciatic nerve is not ligated and is not manipulated. The muscle is closed with continuous pattern and the skin is closed with wound clips or sutures. Rats are assessed for mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia as described above.

Compounds that relieve pain in this model result in a statistically significant reduction in mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia and/or thermal hyperalgesia when administered (0.01-50 mg/kg, orally, parenterally or topically) immediately prior to testing as a single bolus, or for several days: once or twice or three times daily prior to testing.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. A compound of the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, wherein: V, X, W, Y and Z are each independently N or CR₁, with the proviso that at least one of V and X is N; U is N or CR₂, with the proviso that if V and X are N, then U is CR₂; R₁ is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₂ is: (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; or (ii) a group of the formula —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), wherein: R_(c) is C₀-C₃alkyl, C₂-C₃alkenyl or C₂-C₃alkynyl, or is joined to R_(y) or R_(z) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from R_(b); M is a bond, O, S, SO, SO₂, C(═O), OC(═O), C(═O)O, O—C(═O)O, C(═O)N(R_(z)), N(R_(z))C(═O), N(R_(z))SO₂, SO₂N(R_(z)), N(R_(z)), OPO₂(OR_(z)) or PO₂(OR_(z)); A is a bond or C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently selected from R_(b); and R_(y) and R_(z), if present, are: (a) independently:  (i) hydrogen or —COOH; or (ii) C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, C₂-C₈alkanone, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle, or joined to R_(c) to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently chosen from R_(b); or (b) joined to form a 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently selected from R_(b); Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from 5- to 10-membered carbocycles and heterocycles, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently selected from groups of the formula LR_(a); L is independently selected at each occurrence from a bond, O, S(O)_(m), C(═O), OC(═O), C(═O)O, O—C(═O)O, N(R_(x)), C(═O)N(R_(x)), N(R_(x))C(═O), N(R_(x))S(O)_(m), S(O)_(m)N(R_(x)) and N[S(O)_(m)R_(x)]S(O)_(m); wherein m is independently selected at each occurrence from 0, 1 and 2; and R_(x) is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen and C₁-C₈alkyl; R_(a) is independently selected at each occurrence from: (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano and nitro; and (ii) C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino and (3- to 10-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₆alkyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently selected from R_(b); and R_(b) is independently chosen at each occurrence from: (i) hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminocarbonyl, cyano, nitro, oxo and —COOH; and (ii) C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkenyl, C₁-C₈alkynyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkanoyl, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, phenylC₀-C₈alkyl, phenylC₁-C₈alkoxy, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, (SO₂)C₁-C₈alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl, —PO₃(R_(w))₂ and —OPO₃(R_(w))₂, wherein each R_(w) is independently chosen from hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, phenylC₀-C₈alkyl and (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl; wherein each of (ii) is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminocarbonyl, cyano, nitro, oxo, —COOH, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₁-C₈alkyl ether, hydroxyC₁-C₈alkyl, haloC₁-C₈alkyl, phenylC₀ 5-C₈alkyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, (SO₂)C₁-C₈alkyl and (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl; and wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof comprises at least one carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group.
 2. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, wherein U is C—R₂.
 3. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein X and V are N.
 4. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein V is N and X is CH.
 5. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein X is N and V is CH.
 6. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, wherein Y is N and W and Z are each CH.
 7. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, wherein Z is N and W and Y are each CH.
 8. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, wherein W, Y and Z are each CH.
 9. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein R₂ is a group of the formula —R_(c)-M-A-R_(y), R_(c) is C₁-C₃alkyl, and R₂ comprises a carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group.
 10. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 9, wherein R₂ comprises a carboxylic acid group.
 11. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 10, wherein the carboxylic acid group is a substituent of a heterocyclic ring.
 12. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 9, wherein R₂ comprises a phosphate or phosphonate group.
 13. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from phenyl and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles, each of which is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from groups of the formula LR_(a).
 14. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 13, wherein: Ar₁ is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy and haloC₁-C₆alkoxy; and Ar₂ is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, cyanoC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, —(SO₂)R_(d), —N(R_(x))S(O)_(m)R_(d), and —N[S(O_(m))R_(x)]S(O)_(m)R_(d); wherein m is 1 or 2, R_(x) is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R_(d) is C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino or a 5- to 10-membered, N-linked heterocyclic group, each of which R_(d) is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, C₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy and haloC₁-C₄alkoxy.
 15. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 13, wherein: Ar₁ is pyridyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, cyano, C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl; and Ar₂ is phenyl or pyridyl, substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, cyanoC₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether and groups of the formula —(SO₂)R_(d), wherein R_(d) is C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl.
 16. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 13, wherein: Ar₁ is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, cyano, C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl; and Ar₂ is phenyl or pyridyl, substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, cyanoC₁-C₄alkyl, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether and groups of the formula —(SO₂)R_(d), wherein R_(d) is C₁-C₄alkyl or haloC₁-C₄alkyl.
 17. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 13, wherein: Ar₁ is pyridin-2-yl, 3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl, 3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl or 3-halo-pyridin-2-yl; and Ar₂ is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl, each of which is substituted at the para-position with halogen, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro- 1-methyl-ethyl, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, propanesulfonyl, propane-2-sulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl.
 18. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 13, wherein: Ar₁ is phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, 2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl or 2-halo-phenyl; and Ar₂ is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl, each of which is substituted at the para-position with halogen, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methyl-ethyl, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, propanesulfonyl, propane-2-sulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl.
 19. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: R_(c) is C₀-C₂alkyl; J is O or N(R_(z)); R_(z) is: (a) hydrogen; (b) C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanone, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, or 4- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or (c) joined to R₇ to form a 5- to 7-membered carbocycle or heterocycle that is substituted with from 0 to 6 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₂-C₈alkyl ether, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; E and F are independently CH or N; R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl, (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl; and R₇ is: (i) hydrogen; (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl, phenyl or 5- to 7-membered heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, C₁-C₈alkyl ether, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or (iii) joined to R_(z) to form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocycle; and wherein the group designated:

comprises at least one carboxylic acid group.
 20. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 19, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: Y and Z are independently CH or N; R₃ is halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₄ is halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; and R₇ is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C₁-C₆alkyl substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkoxy, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; or (iii) joined to R_(z) to form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocycle.
 21. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 20, wherein J is O.
 22. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 21, wherein R₇ is hydrogen.
 23. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 20, wherein J is NH.
 24. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: E and F are independently CH or N; R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl, (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl; each R₅ and R₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from R_(d); R₇ is: (i) —COOH; or (ii) C₂-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₈alkoxy, mono- or di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino, or a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from R_(d); or (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —OPO₃(R_(w))₂, wherein each R_(w) is independently chosen from: (a) hydrogen; and (b) C₁-C₈alkyl, phenylC₀-C₈alkyl and (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from R_(d); n is 0, 1, 2or3; and each R_(d) is independently chosen from: (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH; and (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy, halogen, amino and —COOH; and wherein R₇ is a carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group or at least one of R₅, R₆ or R₇ comprises at least one substitutent selected from a carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group.
 25. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 24, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: Y and Z are independently CH or N; R₃ is halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₄ is halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, or mono- or di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; each R₅ and R₆ is independently hydrogen or methyl; and R₇ is: (i) —COOH; (ii) C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkoxycarbonyl, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, each of which is substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently chosen from R_(d), wherein at least one occurrence of R_(d) is a carboxylic acid group; or (iii) —PO₃(R_(w))₂ or —OPO₃(R_(w))₂.
 26. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 2, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: E and F are independently CH or N; R₃ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl ether, C₁-C₆alkanoyl, aminosulfonyl, mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl, (C₁-C₈alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino; R₄ represents from 0 to 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, aminosulfonyl, and mono- and di-(C₁-C₈alkyl)aminosulfonyl; B₁ is O, NH or S; D is —C(═O)— or C₂-C₃alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with a keto group; and B₂ is: (a) O or S; in which case n is 1, and R_(c) is hydrogen, PO₃H₂, PO₃H(alkyl), PO₃(alkyl)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, or C₂-C₆alkyl ether, each of which alkyl moiety is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently selected from R_(d); or (b) N, in which case n is 2, and (i) R_(c) is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen and C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkynyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents selected from R_(d); or (ii) both R_(c) moieties are joined to form, with B₂, a 5- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl that is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents selected from R_(d); and each R_(d) is independently: (i) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, —COOH; and (ii) C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₂-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈alkanoyloxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₂-C₄alkyl ether, or mono- or di-(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 3 substituents independently chosen from hydroxy, halogen, amino and —COOH; and wherein the group designated:

comprises at least one carboxylic acid, phosphate or phosphonate group.
 27. A compound according to claim 26, wherein; B₁ is O; and either: (i) D is —CH₂—CH₂— and —B₂—(R_(c))_(n) is: (a) —COOH, —O—PO₃H₂, or —PO₃H₂; or (b) pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, each of which is substituted with —COOH; or (ii) D is —CH₂—C(═O)— and —B₂—(R_(c))_(n) is: (a) —OH; or (b) pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or morpholine, each of which is substituted with —COOH. 28-29. (canceled)
 30. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1 wherein the compound has an IC₅₀ value of 10 nanomolar or less in a capsaicin receptor calcium mobilization assay.
 31. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1 in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 32. (canceled)
 33. A method for reducing calcium conductance of a cellular capsaicin receptor, comprising contacting a cell expressing a capsaicin receptor with at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby reducing calcium conductance of the capsaicin receptor. 34-40. (canceled)
 41. A method for inhibiting binding of vanilloid ligand to a capsaicin receptor in vitro, the method comprising contacting capsaicin receptor with at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, under conditions and in an amount sufficient to detectably inhibit vanilloid ligand binding to capsaicin receptor.
 42. A method for inhibiting binding of vanilloid ligand to capsaicin receptor in a patient, comprising contacting cells expressing capsaicin receptor with at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, in an amount sufficient to detectably inhibit vanilloid ligand binding to cells expressing a cloned capsaicin receptor in vitro, and thereby inhibiting binding of vanilloid ligand to the capsaicin receptor in the patient. 43-44. (canceled)
 45. A method for treating a condition responsive to capsaicin receptor modulation in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby alleviating the condition in the patient. 46-48. (canceled)
 49. A method for treating pain in a patient, comprising administering to a patient suffering from pain a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby alleviating pain in the patient. 50-55. (canceled)
 56. A method for treating itch in a patient, comprising administering to a patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby alleviating itch in the patient.
 57. A method for treating cough or hiccup in a patient, comprising administering to a patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby alleviating cough or hiccup in the patient.
 58. A method for treating urinary incontinence in a patient, comprising administering to a patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby alleviating urinary incontinence in the patient.
 59. A method promoting weight loss in an obese patient, comprising administering to a patient a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof according to claim 1, and thereby promoting weight loss in the patient. 60-73. (canceled) 